Новини світу мікро- та наноелектроніки

The aerospace and aviation industries are experiencing massive growth following the decimation of the pandemic. There is no denying the fact that both sectors stand at the cusp of technological advancements and evolution. The field has enormously stepped up from the early days of aviation to a more sophisticated and technology-laden service industry.

The industry is undergoing a transformative change in its overall lifecycle process- from the design to the final flight and everything in between. Technology breakthroughs are yielding some exceptional results, redefining commercial aviation and space exploration. Taking a closer look into the future, the aerospace and aviation industry is poised to grow manifold in the next decade, with AI/ML and other related technologies at the forefront of innovation. 

While many trends are being worked upon simultaneously, the one that is catching the most eyeballs is the eVTOL (Electric Vertical Take-off Landing) aircraft that uses electric power to hover, take off, and land vertically. This aircraft is from the not-so-distant future and would cater to point-to-point transportation between urban areas, finding its way as an efficient alternative to ground transport. 

Achieving Sustainability with Each Flight

Sustainability has become a norm that needs to be addressed by every industry. The aviation sector is utilizing forefront technologies and finding the right resources to help reduce its carbon footprint. Airlines are exploring eco-friendly, alternative sustainable aviation fuels like biofuels that would help in reducing carbon emissions or improving aerodynamics to enhance fuel efficiency. Engineers are also developing electric and hybrid aircraft and airports placing energy-efficient practices to reduce the industry’s reliance on fossil fuels. With such initiatives peaking, the aviation sector is moving closer to achieving green goals by formulating sustainable infrastructure and energy management systems.

Technological Impetus on the Rise

Right from operations to safety, efficiency, and customer experience, the aviation industry relies extensively on technology. At the forefront is AI/ML and automation that has the potential to transform the way airlines and airports operate. The development involves streamlining processes like cargo transport, aircraft data examination, integration of HR, maintenance, and flight systems into the apt interface, integration of AI-powered software into standard flight simulation training devices that are capable of analyzing real-time data, provide instant feedback on the pilot’s performance, and provide insights to instructors. Also, the constant evolution of technologies like cloud, robotics, augmented reality, virtual reality, Big Data, the Internet of Things, and AI/ML, is bringing faster and more crisp results in data refining that would help build advanced biometric technology and other sophisticated systems.

Moreover, this is the age of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) i.e. Drones and the aviation sector is benefitting tons from their ability to access difficult-to-reach areas and capture high-quality images. These features have helped the airlines to restructure and revolutionize their maintenance and inspection approach. 

Cyber Threats Creeping into Intricate Digitised Aviation Systems 

Any industry that works on critical digital infrastructure is prone to cyber-attacks. Aviation’s digital landscape is a complex one with multiple stakeholders including airlines, airports, OEMs, and several service providers. With growing complexity, the digital ecosystem built on diverse technologies, new and old, with different levels of cybersecurity measures becomes exceedingly vulnerable and high-value targets to cyber exploitation.

Multiple points in the industry’s vast and interconnected supply chain are usual targets of cybercriminals. The attacks can disrupt operations, steal valuable data (passenger’s personal info, credit card details, flight data, etc.) called phishing, or pose indirect threats (ransomware) on third-party vendors. 

Thus, understanding the cybersecurity space becomes vital in the aviation business to brace against any possible breach.  

Apurva Gopinath, Assistant Vice President, Financial Services and Profession Group, Commercial Risk Solutions, India at Aon India Insurance Brokers Private Limited spoke about the underlying cyber threat in the aviation sector and shared insights on how businesses can adopt better and stricter cybersecurity strategies. 

“Aviation Businesses are facing the most challenging cyber threat landscape yet with global ransomware damage costs predicted to reach $20 billion this year, an increase of 57X from 5 years ago. Aon’s global Digital Forensics and Incident Response (DFIR) team report that over 50 per cent of those subject to ransomware attacks pay the ransom in some form. To strengthen cyber resilience, aviation companies must adopt a risk-based approach to review the effectiveness of controls, particularly in Access Management, Business Continuity, Third Party Risk and Vulnerability Management. Some of the actions companies can take to reinforce their cybersecurity strategies include conducting vulnerability assessments and breach simulations, proactively utilizing threat intelligence to monitor the techniques and procedures of threat actors, and reviewing governance including Business Continuity, Disaster Recovery (BCDR) plans. Aviation businesses should also quantify the financial loss of cyber events listed on their cyber risk register to ensure the appropriate return of security investment (ROSI) and check contractual obligations to ensure insurance policies adequately cover any financial loss arising out of a breach.”

The post Building Blocks of the Aviation Industry appeared first on ELE Times.

Author: STMicroelectronics

STM32CubeMonitor 1.8 is the first version to add support for the SEGGER J-Link hardware probe. As a result, developers who are familiar with the third-party probe will be able to use it while capturing data with the ST software. It will make debugging and monitoring operations a lot simpler. As the J-Link fully supports the JTAG interface and offers download speeds of up to 4 MB/s (J-Link ULTRA+ / PRO), it also opens the door to greater development opportunities and rapid flashing operations. That’s why ST updated STM32CubeMonitor. We wanted to make the tool even more practical and enable developers to enjoy a more flexible and practical STM32 ecosystem.

ST often releases new versions of STM32CubeMonitor, STM32CubeMonitor-RF, and STM32CubeMonitor-UCPD. The tools repeatedly appear on our blog posts because many STM32 developers use them to release their products to market faster. Indeed, the challenge for any embedded system engineer is to find a comprehensive platform for their microcontroller or microprocessor. A device may have many features, but it won’t be useful if designers can’t implement them efficiently. As a result, it is critical to offer a wide range of software tools that facilitate the development of applications on STM32 devices. Let us, therefore, explore some of these tools and their new functionalities.

What’s new in STM32CubeMonitor 1.8?

The big update brought by STM32CubeMonitor 1.8 is the support for SEGGER J-Link probes. Avid readers of the ST Blog already know that SEGGER is an active member of the ST Partner Program. The company ships embOS, a real-time operating system optimized for STM32 devices. In fact, embOS was also one of the first pieces of software to receive the MadeforSTM32 label. More recently, we shared how SEGGER launched their STM32-SFI Flasher Commander to enable entire assembly lines to support software firmware installs (SFI). Hence, the support of their J-Link probes should come as no surprise.

The support of the SEGGER probe within STM32CubeMonitor is relatively straightforward. Instead of using the traditional STLINK in and out nodes acq stlink in and acq stlink out, developers just use ack jlink in and ack jlink out within the Node-RED interface. Hence, instead of having to convert the on-board STLINK into a J-Link, engineers can use the hardware probe to enjoy the SEGGER suite of software and solutions. Finally, STM32CubeMonitor 1.8 adds support for a greater range of acquisition rates when choosing a frequency lower than 1 Hz. The feature will help customize how often the software captures data, thus further optimizing its operations.

What is STM32CubeMonitor? The Netflix of MCUs

STM32CubeMonitor is a runtime variable monitoring and visualization tool with a web interface for remote connections and a graphical interface to create custom dashboards. It ensures developers can efficiently monitor their application through a graphical interface that relies on Node-RED. This flow-based programming tool enables users to create complex data representations with no coding at all. It will allow them to debug their software easily and analyze behaviors without disrupting an existing codebase. Additionally, users can share their dashboards on the Node-RED and ST communities to build on one another.

To make the first experience with STM32CubeMonitor more intuitive, the ST Wiki explains in detail how developers can monitor a variable within an application in just two steps. Users select the start address of the data they track in memory and its type. To assist in this task, we have a guide showing how to get addresses from ELF files. The interface then asks the user to select an STLINK probe.

A runtime monitoring utility based on Node-RED STM32CubeMonitor

Keeping track of registers, variables in memory, interrupts, and the myriad of events that occur at any moment is daunting. Hence, manually monitoring them is so demanding that teams often do not have the resources for this endeavor. STM32CubeMonitor solves this problem and relies on Node-RED to keep things as simple as possible. Users drag and drop graphical representations of a program’s element onto a canvas to create a flow, meaning a sequence of events. For instance, conditions can trigger modules that send alerts by email or push data to a cloud platform using MQTT.

Without entering a single line of code, users can create graphs, chart plots, or generate gauges that will help them visualize values in a counter, data from a sensor, and many other aspects of an application. Additionally, the presence of a web server means that it’s possible to use these visualizations on any PC or mobile browser, whether on the local network or remotely. Moreover, thanks to the Node-RED and ST community, users can start by looking at other users’ dashboards and organically learn by studying other people’s examples.

A .CSV generator for power users

The previous version of STM32CubeMonitor (version 1.6) updated the export to CSV feature to generate files that would work better with spreadsheets. For instance, the time column moved before the value column to fit how most people set their tables. Similarly, time began at 0, and long numbers got a separator to be more readable. Finally, version 1.6 also made it easier to identify probe configurations by giving them names.

Version 1.7 of STM32CubeMonitor now builds on the previous release to bring features requested by our users to turn the CSV exporter into a powerhouse. For instance, creating and organizing multiple columns within the export interface is now possible. Previously, users would have had to run a Python script to manipulate data or do everything in their spreadsheet application, which tends to be cumbersome. Similarly, each variable gets its column and a timestamp to better track it. Hence, the new options within STM32CubeMonitor ensure users can structure their data more easily and use their spreadsheet software to view the results instead of applying time-consuming changes.

Node-RED 3.1

Since version 1.5, STM32CubeMonitor supports Node-RED 3. One of the most significant improvements is the addition of a contextual menu available when users right-click. Consequently, they can access a lot more actions and discover features that would previously require digging into menus. The other important functionality available in Node-RED 3 is junctions, a special type of node that makes it easier to route wires. It helps simplify and clarify designs by bringing greater flexibility. Version 3 also introduced debugging capabilities that expose node locations when working with sub-flows, thus helping developers see what node is generating an error message.

And since version 1.7, STM32CubeMonitor uses Node-RED 3.1, which brings notifications management at the tab level, thus offering a lot more granularity to developers tracking multiple aspects of their application. Users also get a bigger workspace (from 5000×5000 to 8000×8000) and lockable flow, which can prevent accidental changes, which is especially important when dealing with mission-critical flows. Version 3.1, released only a few months ago, also updated the context panel to include popular options absent from the previous iteration, forcing users to dig through menus. Finally, among the many other improvements, Node-RED 3.1 optimized the wiring between horizontally aligned nodes to make them significantly more readable.

Eco acquisition mode

STM32CubeMonitor features a low-power acquisition mechanism, named ECO mode, that reduces CPU consumption by lowering the ring sample rate below 10 Hz. There are many instances when developers don’t need fast data acquisition and could benefit from a lower processing load. Traditionally, the utility captures variables every 50 ms or double the low rate frequency. Thanks to the ECO mode, developers get far more granularity and can manage resources better. The feature is also quite accessible since the threshold is simply a value in the settings file. Changing it is thus straightforward.

A support tool throughout the life cycle of a product

During the prototyping phase, engineers will likely use an STLINK probe, such as one of the STLINK-V3 modules currently available. It connects the MCU board to the PC, which will help set up the STM32CubeMonitor Dashboard and act as a gateway for the web interface. As designers prepare to ship their final product, they can create a software routine that will send data to a USB port using UART. Developers can thus still monitor their application securely by using a computer with STM32CubeMonitor connected to that USB port. As a result, the tool provides a long-term analysis that will help plan upgrades or upcoming features.

New format and symbol change notification

The latest version of STM32CubeMonitor brings the ability to export data in CSV instead of simply using a proprietary format. Users can import the information into Excel, MATLAB, and others, opening the door to more data optimization and manipulation. The new software will also throw a notification if symbols change. Put simply, the utility tracks variables by defining them in a file and associating them with a symbol. However, recompiling the code may render the symbols’ files obsolete, creating discrepancies with the Node-RED dashboard. The new STM32CubeMonitor will alert users if they forget to update the symbols’ file.

What’s new in STM32CubeMonitor-RF 2.12?

To support the latest features present in STM32WB and STM32WBA devices, STM32CubeMonitor-RF must align itself with their Bluetooth Low Energy stacks. Consequently, each new release tracks the changes brought to the microcontrollers’ firmware packages. In this instance, STM32CubeMonitor-RF 2.12 is aligned with version 1.17.0 of the firmware for the STM32WB and version 1.1.0 for the STM32WBA, the 1st wireless Cortex-M33 for more powerful and more secure Bluetooth applications. Additionally, the new utility brings support for over-the-air firmware updates on the STM32WBA and the latest Open Thread stack on the STM32WB.

What are some of the key features of STM32CubeMonitor-RF? Utility to optimize Bluetooth and 802.15.4 applications The OTA Updater and its Optimize MTU Size option

STM32CubeMonitor-RF is a tool that tests the Bluetooth and 802.15.4 radio performance of STM32WB microcontrollers. The graphical user interface helps visualize signal strength and packet errors over time, while a command-line interface opens the door to macros, batch files, and other types of automation. Put simply, it draws from the same philosophy as the traditional STM32CubeMonitor but specializes in radio performance. Hence, developers can rapidly test their design and potentially spot issues. The utility can also sniff 802.15.4 communications between devices. The easiest way to try the utility is to connect an STM32WB development board to a computer and use its USB or UART interface.

Over-the-air performance

Since version 2.8.0, STM32CubeMonitor-RF more than doubled over-the-air performances thanks to larger data packets. When users select the “Optimize MTU size” option in the “OTA Updater”, the software tool increases OTA transfers from 16 kbit/s to 41 kbit/s. It is, therefore, an essential quality of life improvement for developers. Sending files or updating a device’s firmware are everyday operations during development. The faster speeds will ensure developers work faster and more efficiently.

Advanced Features

The software package includes advanced features like an OpenThread 1.3 stack and an 802.15.4 sniffer firmware that works with a USB dongle or a Nucleo board. STM32CubeMonitor-RF also inaugurates a new BLE Received Signal Strength Indication (RSSI) acquisition scheme, which helps determine the approximate distance between two Bluetooth devices. Faithful readers of the ST Blog will remember that the technology was crucial during the pandemic in assisting companies like Inocess in developing products such as the Nextent Tag to help maintain physical distancing guidelines.

Another milestone is that STM32CubeMonitor-RF 2.10 brought the latest features from the STM32WB BLE 5.3 firmware (stack version 1.15.0). Developers thus get to enjoy BLE extended advertising. Traditionally, Bluetooth 4 and 5 have three advertising channels only, each capable of sending a payload of 255 bytes. Thanks to extended advertisements, sending a much larger payload is possible using one of the 37 data channels. One of the three channels simply sends a header pointing to the extension. Consequently, developers don’t need to send the same data on all three channels to ensure its reception, and they can transmit more data faster.

ACI logs

CubeMonitor-RF 2.11 brought a quality of life improvement in the form of application command interface (ACI) logs in CSV format. Put simply, ACI is the mechanism that sends commands to the Bluetooth stack, and thus, one of the first logs developers look into when debugging or optimizing their software. Previously, ACI logs were only available in a traditional .txt format. The move to CSV opens the door to clearer presentations and easier manipulation. For instance, users can rapidly sort the list of commands by value, type, or number of times they were sent.

New testing capabilities

Version 2.11 of CubeMonitor-RF brought a new method of testing the reliability of 802.15.4 stacks thanks to the support of a continuous wave mode. As the name implies, it just sends an uninterrupted signal without modulation. Developers can thus perform basic but crucial measurements to gauge signal propagation under several conditions. It’s an important first test for engineers looking to understand how their design will perform. Currently, the feature is only available on devices running the STM32CubeWB 1.11.0 firmware or later.

What’s new in STM32CubeMonitor-UCPD 1.3?

STM32CubeMonitor-UCPD 1.3 is now compatible with the USB Extended Power Range (EPR), a new profile delivering 48 V at 5 A for a total of 240 W. At this level, it becomes a lot simpler to fast-charge laptops or power docking stations with multiple fast-charging ports. Moreover, 240 W also brings USB-C to more power tools, further democratizing the connector. As makers look to use one port to save resources, reuse cables, and reduce waste, support for the EPR mode enables teams to adopt the new standard faster. Furthermore, as 240 W compatible cables are now becoming available, it is critical. to adopt the profile as early as possible.

What is STM32CubeMonitor-UCPD?

STM32CubeMonitor-UCPD monitors and helps set up USB-C and Power Delivery systems on STM32 microcontrollers running the ST USB PD stack. Developers can use the tool to monitor interactions on the USB-C interface, use sink or source power profiles, and use vendor-defined messages (VDM). The tool even has predefined settings to facilitate and hasten developments by handling many of the complexities inherent to these new technologies. STM32CubeMonitor-UCPD was integral to the launch of ST’s USB-C Power Delivery ecosystem in 2019. Since then, we’ve continued to improve the software to help developers gauge performance and obtain certifications faster.

Since STM32CubeMonitor-UCPD 1.2.0 houses a Java machine, like the other tools in this blog post, the utility has everything the installer needs. Users no longer need to install Java themselves before running the application. Additionally, users can now display traces for the voltage and current bus, VDM, UCSI, and more. The new STM32CubeMonitor-UCPD also monitors electrical values from the battery. Hence, developers can track more processes and understand what happens when connecting two USB-C devices or using Power Delivery.

The post STM32CubeMonitor 1.8, STM32CubeMonitor-UCPD 1.3, and STM32CubeMonitor-RF 2.12, more powerful data manipulations appeared first on ELE Times.

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Infineon Technologies AG of Munich, Germany is to provide HybridPACK Drive G2 CoolSiC silicon carbide (SiC) power modules and bare die products to Xiaomi EV of Shanghai, China for its recently announced SU7 electric vehicle until 2027. ..

The new MCU is a highly integrated embedded system that monitors and manages automotive 12 V, lead-acid batteries.

Power Integrations Inc of San Jose, CA, USA (which provides high-voltage integrated circuits for energy-efficient power conversion), has agreed to acquire the assets of Odyssey Semiconductor Technologies Inc of Ithaca, NY, USA, which develops high-voltage vertical power switching components based on proprietary gallium nitride (GaN) processing technology. The transaction is expected to close in July, after which all key Odyssey employees are expected to join Power Integrations’ technology organization...

NUBURU Inc of Centennial, CO, USA — which was founded in 2015 and develops and manufactures high-power industrial blue lasers — has been awarded an $850,000 Phase II contract by the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) to advance blue laser power transmission technology as a unique solution to dramatically reduce the size and weight of the equipment needed for Lunar and Martian applications. The contract builds on NUBURU’s Phase I Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) announced in August 2023...

Integration of analog circuitry with digital logic often requires the addition of an extra supply rail or two. The excellent PSRR of precision op-amps (typically >>100 dB) makes them unfussy about power rail variations. This simplifies power supply circuitry and eases the task of designing it to be uncomplicated and inexpensive.

Here’s a variation on the popular flying-capacitor charge-pump voltage converter motif that takes advantage of op-amp tolerance for less than perfect supply regulation. It first doubles and then inverts 5 V to generate nominally symmetrical positive and negative 10-volt rails which can each handily supply several milliamps. The complete converter consists of two inexpensive generic 20 volt-capable, metal-gate CMOS triple SPDT CD4053Bs, plus just eight passive components. Figure 1 shows the circuit.

Figure 1 A 25 kHz multivibrator (U2b) clocks flying capacitor switches that first, double 5 V to +10 V (paralleled U1a,c and U2a,c), and then inverts it to -10 V (U1b and U2b).

Wow the engineering world with your unique design: Design Ideas Submission Guide

 Paralleled switches U1c and U2c, running at Fpump = 25 kHz, alternate the top end of “flying” capacitor C2 between ground and +5 V, while U1a and U2a synchronously alternate its bottom end between +5 V and +10 V, creating a voltage-doubling capacitive charge pump. The connection of the resulting 10-V rail on U1,2 pin 13 to U1,2 pin 16 implements the first “bootstrap” mentioned above, whereby the switches supply 10 V to themselves. D1 gets things rolling on power up by initially providing ~+5 V until the charge pump takes over, whereupon D1 is reverse biased and disconnects.

Doubling up on the U1,2a and U1,2c charge pump switches serves to halve the effective impedance of the +10 V output to ~180 Ω. This is important because the +10 V output powers not only the external load, but also the internal U1,2b voltage inverter (more on this later). Plus, these relatively high ON-resistance metal-gate CMOS switches need all the help they can get. The result is a fairly stiff +10 V output that droops with loading current 180 mV/mA according to this expression:

V+ = 10 V – 180(I+ + I-)
Where:
I+ = +10 V output load current
I – = -10 V output load current

The 25 kHz pump clock is provided by a “merged” oscillator consisting of U2b driven by positive feedback. From U2c through C1 and negative feedback through R1, generating:

Fpump = (2 loge(2)R1C1)-1

Pump frequency will vary somewhat with component tolerance and loading of the 10 V outputs, but since the clock frequency isn’t critical, any effect on pump performance will be insignificant.

The resulting oscillator waveforms are sketched in Figure 2. 

Figure 2 The 25kHz multivibrator 10Vpp waveshapes.

 Inversion of +10 V to produce -10 V is handled by U1,2b switching C4 between +10 V and ground on the left side and ground and -10 V on the right. The connection to pin 7 provides the second “bootstrap”. D2 clamps pin 7 near enough to ground for the switches to begin working at power-up until the charge pump takes over.

The result is a negative rail that reacts to loading according to this expression:

 V- = -10 V + (430*I- + 180*I+)
Where:
I+ = +10 V output load current
I – = -10 V output load current

The dependence of the two output voltages on loading is graphically summarized in Figure 3.

Figure 3 Output voltages under four loading scenarios: (1) +10 V output with +10 V loaded 0 to 10 mA, -10 V unloaded; (2) +10 V output with both +10 V and -10 V loaded 0 to 10 mA equally; (3) -10 V output with -10 V loaded 0 to 10 mA, +10 V unloaded; (4) -10 V output with +10 V and -10 V loaded 0 to 10 mA equally.

Stephen Woodward’s relationship with EDN’s DI column goes back quite a long way. Over 100 submissions have been accepted since his first contribution back in 1974.

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• Voltage inverter uses gate’s output pins as inputs and its ground pin as output
• “Sub-zero” op-amp regulates charge pump inverter
• Charge pump halves voltage to double current “efficiency”
• The ins and outs of charge-pump-converter ICs

The post Double and invert 5 V to generate ±10 V using two generic chips and two bootstraps appeared first on EDN.

– Q2 FY 2024: Revenue €3.632 billion, Segment Result €707 million, Segment Result Margin 19.5 percent
– Outlook for FY 2024: Based on an assumed exchange rate of US$1.10 to the euro, Infineon now expects to generate revenue of around €15.1 billion plus or minus €400 million (previously €16 billion plus or minus €500 million), with a Segment Result Margin of around 20 percent (previously in the low to mid-twenties percentage range) at the mid-point of the guided revenue range. Adjusted gross margin will be in the low-forties percentage range (previously in the low to mid-forties percentage range). Investments are planned at around €2.8 (previously around 2.9 billion). Adjusted Free Cash Flow of about €1.6 billion (previously €1.8 billion) and reported Free Cash Flow of about €0 million (previously about €200 million) are now expected
– Outlook for Q3 FY 2024: Based on an assumed exchange rate of US$1.10 to the euro, revenue of around €3.8 billion expected. On this basis, the Segment Result Margin is forecast to be in the high-teens percentage range

Infineon Technologies AG is reporting results for the second quarter of the 2024 fiscal year (period ended 31 March 2024).

„In the prevailing difficult market environment, Infineon delivered a solid second quarter”, says Jochen Hanebeck, CEO of Infineon. “Many end markets have remained weak due to economic conditions, while customers and distributors have continued to reduce semiconductor inventory levels. Weak demand for consumer applications persists. There has also been a noticeable deceleration in growth in the automotive sector. We are therefore taking a cautious approach to the outlook for the rest of the fiscal year and are lowering our forecast. In the medium to long term, decarbonization and digitalization will continue to be strong structural drivers of our profitable growth. In order to realize the full potential of our Company, we will further strengthen our competitiveness. To this end, we are launching the company-wide “Step Up” program. We are aiming to achieve structural improvements in our Segment Result in the high triple-digit million euro range per year.”

Group performance in the second quarter of the 2024 fiscal year

In the second quarter of the 2024 fiscal year, Infineon generated Group revenue of €3,632 million. This was 2 percent down on revenue in the prior quarter of €3,702 million. In the Automotive (ATV) segment, revenue remained stable compared with the prior quarter, while in the Green Industrial Power (GIP) and Power & Sensor Systems (PSS) segments revenue was lower. The Connected Secure Systems (CSS) segment saw a slight increase in revenue from the first quarter of the 2024 fiscal year.

The gross margin achieved in the second quarter of the current fiscal year was 38.6 percent, compared with 43.2 percent in the prior quarter. The adjusted gross margin was 41.1 percent, compared with 44.9 percent in the first quarter of the fiscal year.

The Segment Result in the second quarter of the 2024 fiscal year was €707 million, compared with €831 million in the prior quarter. The Segment Result Margin achieved was 19.5 percent, compared with 22.4 percent in the first quarter.

The Non-Segment Result for the second quarter of the 2024 fiscal year was a net loss of €211 million, compared with a net loss of €129 million in the prior quarter. The second-quarter Non-Segment Result comprised €91 million relating to cost of goods sold, €18 million relating to research and development expenses and €54 million relating to selling, general and administrative expenses. In addition, it included net operating expenses of €48 million. This figure includes impairment losses of €37 million relating to the write-down of assets in connection with the planned sale of two backend manufacturing sites in Cheonan (South Korea) and Cavite (Philippines).

Operating profit for the second quarter of the 2024 fiscal year reached €496 million, compared with €702 million in the prior quarter.

The financial result in the second quarter of the current fiscal year was a net loss of €12 million, compared with a net gain of €25 million in the prior quarter. The financial result for the first quarter included interest income of €32 million arising on the release of a tax risk provision in conjunction with the acquisition of Cypress.

The tax expense in the second quarter of the 2024 fiscal year amounted to €93 million, compared with €134 million in the prior quarter.

Profit from continuing operations in the second quarter of the current fiscal year was €394 million, compared with €598 million in the first quarter. The result from discontinued operations was €0 million, after a loss of €11 million in the preceding quarter. The profit for the period achieved in the second quarter of the current fiscal year was €394 million. In the first quarter of the 2024 fiscal year, the profit for the period was €587 million.

Earnings per share from continuing operations decreased in the second quarter of the 2024 fiscal year to €0.30, from €0.45 in the prior quarter (basic and diluted in each case). Adjusted earnings per share1 (diluted) stood at €0.42 at the end of the second quarter of the current fiscal year, compared with €0.53 one quarter earlier.

Investments – which Infineon defines as the sum of investments in property, plant and equipment, investments in other intangible assets and capitalized development costs –totaled €643 million in the second quarter of the current fiscal year, compared with €653 million in the first quarter. Depreciation and amortization in the second quarter of the 2024 fiscal year amounted to €467 million, compared with €456 million in the preceding quarter.

Free Cash Flow2 improved in the second quarter of the current fiscal year to €82 million, compared with a negative figure of €1,597 million in the prior quarter. The figure for the first quarter of the 2024 fiscal year included purchase price payments of around €800 million relating to the acquisition of companies, mainly the acquisition of GaN Systems Inc. Annual bonus payments were also made in the first quarter of the 2024 fiscal year for the record 2023 fiscal year.

The gross cash position decreased from €2,712 million at the end of the first quarter of the 2024 fiscal year to €2,583 million at the end of the second quarter. In the course of the second quarter, the dividend of €456 million was paid and €233 million was utilized to buy back own shares related with the employee stock option plan. Set against this was the issue of a €500 million bond. Financial debt at 31 March 2024 stood at €5,941 million, compared with €5,398 million at 31 December 2023. The net cash position was therefore a negative amount of €3,358 million, compared with a negative amount of €2,686 million at the end of the first quarter.

Segment earnings for the second quarter of the 2024 fiscal year

ATV segment revenue remained stable in the second quarter of the 2024 fiscal year, totaling €2,078 million, compared with €2,085 million in the first quarter. Set against increasing revenues in electromobility was a slightly lower level of revenue from ADAS. Revenue from classical car components was unchanged. The Segment Result in the second quarter of the current fiscal year was €512 million, compared with €564 million in the first quarter of the 2024 fiscal year. The Segment Result Margin achieved was 24.6 percent, compared with 27.1 percent in the prior quarter.

In the second quarter of the 2024 fiscal year, GIP segment revenue decreased by 4 percent to €469 million, compared with €487 million in the first quarter. As a result of high direct customer and distributor inventory, demand in the areas of renewable energy and energy infrastructure was weaker. The Segment Result in the second quarter of the current fiscal year amounted to €89 million, compared with €130 million in the first quarter of the 2024 fiscal year. The Segment Result Margin was 19.0 percent, compared with 26.7 percent in the prior quarter.

PSS segment revenue decreased in the second quarter of the 2024 fiscal year by 7 percent to €713 million, compared with €765 million in the prior quarter. The reason for the decline in revenue was ongoing weak demand for components for PCs, notebooks, consumer electronics, battery-powered devices and microinverters for roof-top solar systems. Revenue from silicon microphones and components for smartphones continued to recover. The Segment Result achieved in the second quarter of the current fiscal year was €64 million, compared with €99 million in the first quarter. The Segment Result Margin was 9.0 percent, compared with 12.9 percent in the prior quarter.

CSS segment revenue increased slightly in the second quarter of the 2024 fiscal year to €371 million, up from €364 million in the first quarter. The growth in revenue of 2 percent was mainly the result of a higher level of sales relating to Wi-Fi. The Segment Result rose to €42 million, from €37 million in the prior quarter. The Segment Result Margin increased to 11.3 percent, from 10.2 percent in the first quarter.

Outlook for the 2024 fiscal year

Based on an assumed exchange rate of US$1.10 to the euro, revenue in the 2024 fiscal year is now expected to be around €15.1 billion plus or minus €400 million (previously €16 billion plus or minus €500 million). The adjustment of the forecast for the fiscal year is due to prolonged weak demand in major target markets as well as ongoing destocking at direct customers and distributors.

In the Automotive segment, revenue growth in the low to mid-single-digit percentage range is now expected. The decrease in revenue in the Green Industrial Power segment in comparison with the prior fiscal year is expected to be a low-teens percentage figure. The decline in revenue in Power & Sensor Systems is forecast to be in the high-teens and in the Connected Secure Systems segment in the low-twenties percentage range. With expected revenue in the 2024 fiscal year of €15.1 billion, the adjusted gross margin should be in the low-forties percentage range and the Segment Result Margin is expected to be around 20 percent. The Segment Result Margin for the Automotive segment is expected to be at the lower end of the aforementioned range of between 25 and 28 percent.

Investments – which Infineon defines as the sum of investments in property, plant and equipment, investments in other intangible assets and capitalized development costs – are now being slightly adjusted to a figure of about €2.8 billion (previously about 2.9 billion) for the 2024 fiscal year. The focus here will be investments in the manufacturing module at the Kulim site (Malaysia), which is designed to produce compound semiconductors, as well as the manufacturing module in Dresden (Germany), designed to produce analog/mixed-signal components.

Depreciation and amortization are anticipated to be around €1.9 billion in the 2024 fiscal year, of which around €400 million is attributable to amortization of purchase price allocations arising mainly from the acquisition of Cypress. Adjusted Free Cash Flow, which is adjusted for investment in large frontend buildings and the purchase of GaN Systems, is now expected to be about €1.6 billion (previously €1.8 billion), which is about 11 percent of the forecast revenue for the year of €15.1 billion. Reported Free Cash Flow should be around €0 million (previously €200 million). Return on Capital Employed (RoCE) is now forecast to reach around 9 percent. When the figures for Q1 FY 2024 were published, RoCE for the 2024 fiscal year was expected to be around 11 percent.

Outlook for the third quarter of the 2024 fiscal year

Based on an assumed exchange rate of US$1.10 to the euro, Infineon expects to generate revenue of around €3.8 billion in the third quarter of the 2024 fiscal year. Revenue in the ATV and CSS segments should grow in-line with group average quarter-on-quarter. Quarter-on-quarter growth rate for the GIP segment is expected to be belowand for PSS beyond group average. Based on this revenue forecast for the Group, the Segment Result Margin should be in the high-teens percentage range.

Structural improvement program “Step Up” to strengthen competitiveness

The Company wants to further strengthen its competitiveness. To this end, Infineon is starting the “Step Up” program focusing on a targeted, sustainable improvement of its cost structure. The program includes various packages of measures focusing on the areas of manufacturing productivity, portfolio management, pricing quality and operating cost optimization without compromising the Company’s innovative strength.

The program is expected to have a positive effect on the Segment Result in the high triple-digit million euro range per year (based on the 2023 fiscal year). The first financial benefits are expected in the course of the 2025 fiscal year. The full effect is expected to show in the first half of the 2027 fiscal year.

Telephone press conference and analyst telephone conference

The Management Board of Infineon will host a telephone press conference with the media at 8:00 am (CEST), 2:00 am (EDT). It can be followed over the Internet in both English and German. In addition a telephone conference call including a webcast for analysts and investors (in English only) will take place at 9:30 am (CEST), 3:30 am (EDT). During both calls, the Infineon Management Board will present the Company’s results for the second quarter of the 2024 fiscal year as well as the outlook for the third quarter and the 2024 fiscal year. The conferences will also be available live and for download on Infineon’s website at www.infineon.com/investor

The Q2 Investor Presentation is available (in English only) at:
https://www.infineon.com/cms/en/about-infineon/investor/reports-and-presentations/

FINANCIAL INFORMATION According to IFRS – Unaudited

The following financial data relates to the second quarter of the 2024 fiscal year ended 31 March 2024 and the corresponding prior quarter and prior year period.

Revenues, Results and Margins of the Segments

Segment Result is defined as operating profit excluding certain net impairments and reversal of impairments, the impact on earnings of restructuring and closures, share-based payment, acquisition-related depreciation/amortization and other expense, impact on earnings of sales of businesses or interests in subsidiaries, and other income (expense).

Reconciliation of Segment Result to operating profit

Reconciliation to adjusted earnings and adjusted earnings per share – diluted

Earnings per share in accordance with IFRS are influenced by amounts relating to purchase price allocations for acquisitions (in particular Cypress), as well as by other exceptional items. To enable better comparability of operating performance over time, Infineon computes adjusted earnings per share (diluted) as follows:

Adjusted profit (loss) for the period and adjusted earnings per share (diluted) should not be seen as a replacement or superior performance indicator, but rather as additional information to the profit (loss) for the period and earnings per share (diluted) determined in accordance with IFRS.

Reconciliation to adjusted cost of goods sold and gross margin

The cost of goods sold and the gross margin in accordance with IFRS are influenced by amounts relating to purchase price allocations for acquisitions (in particular Cypress) as well as by other exceptional items. To enable better comparability of operating performance over time, Infineon computes the adjusted gross margin as follows:

Adjusted cost of goods sold and the adjusted gross margin should not be seen as a replacement or superior performance indicator, but rather as additional information to cost of goods sold and the gross margin determined in accordance with IFRS.

Number of employees

Consolidated Statement of Financial Position

Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows Gross and Net Cash Position

The following table shows the gross cash position and the net cash position. Since some liquid funds are held in the form of financial investments which for IFRS purposes are not classified as cash and cash equivalents, Infineon reports on its gross and net cash positions in order to provide investors with a better understanding of its overall liquidity situation. The gross and net cash positions are determined as follows from the Consolidated Statement of Financial Position:

Free Cash Flow

Infineon reports the Free Cash Flow figure, defined as cash flows from operating activities and cash flows from investing activities, both from continuing operations, after adjusting for cash flows from the purchase and sale of financial investments. Free Cash Flow serves as an additional performance indicator, since Infineon holds part of its liquidity in the form of financial investments. This does not mean that the Free Cash Flow calculated in this way is available to cover other disbursements, as dividends, debt-servicing obligations and other fixed disbursements have not been deducted. Free Cash Flow should not be seen as a replacement or as a superior performance indicator, but rather as a useful item of information in addition to the disclosure of the cash flow reported in the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows, and as a supplementary disclosure to other liquidity performance indicators and other performance indicators determined in accordance with IFRS. Free Cash Flow is derived as follows from the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows:

Condensed Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows D I S C L A I M E R

This press release contains forward-looking statements about the business, financial condition and earnings performance of the Infineon Group.

These statements are based on assumptions and projections resting upon currently available information and present estimates. They are subject to a multitude of uncertainties and risks. Actual business development may therefore differ materially from what has been expected. Beyond disclosure requirements stipulated by law, Infineon does not undertake any obligation to update forward-looking statements.

Due to rounding, numbers presented throughout this press release and other reports may not add up precisely to the totals provided and percentages may not precisely reflect the absolute figures.

All figures mentioned in this press release are unaudited.

The post Solid Q2 FY 2024. Prolonged weak demand in major target markets leads to a lowering of the forecast for the fiscal year. Program to strengthen competitiveness starts. appeared first on ELE Times.

Micro-LED material technology company Kubos Semiconductors Ltd (which was spun out of the UK’s University of Cambridge in 2017) has raised $2m to accelerate development of its cubic-phase gallium nitride (GaN) technology, which is said to be able to double the efficiency of red micro-LEDs. This brings total funding to $5.5m and will enable Kubos to enter the micro-LED display market within three years through IP licensing...

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In this roundup, we spotlight new inductors designed to reduce sources of inefficiency in modern power supplies.

With the goal of reducing e-waste, researchers at the University of Washington have created a working PCB based a on highly recyclable vitrimer base.

An interview with James Hitchcock, a general manager of Keithley Instruments a Tektronix Company, shed light upon the recent acquisition of Elektro-Automatik (EA), a supplier of high-power electronic test solutions. 

EA’s principal application space lies in energy storage, mobility, hydrogen, and renewable energy applications where their bidirectional programmable DC power supplies can double up as both the power supply and electronic load with their unique regenerative feature and bidirectionality. Many tests involve the necessity to dump large amounts of power in the form of heat through passive/resistive load banks or electronic loads, including battery cycling and burn-in tests. On a massive scale, handling this amount of heat is a significant undertaking, where the proper HVAC and even liquid cooling may be necessary. Instead, EA power supplies take that energy and transfer it back to the grid, recycling otherwise wasted energy and eliminating any cooling costs (Figure 1). 

Figure 1: The process of energy recovery for EA’s regenerative bidirectional programmable power supplies in a testing scenario connected with the unit under test (UUT). Source: EA, a Tektronix Company

The principal application space for many Tektronix instruments lie in signal integrity and precision high frequency testing with an offering of high-end mixed signal oscilloscopes, signal generators, and spectrum analyzers. Keithley source measure units (SMUs), and precision measure instruments offer solutions for semiconductor characterization and quality control. Outside of this, the MSO oscilloscopes and IsoVu probes are geared towards power electronics performance analysis. However, how does any of this mix with EA’s high power test equipment portfolio? 

Test solutions for the EV powertrain

“The primary motivation for acquiring EA and combining the solutions of Tektronix was focused around the battery emulation capabilities of EA and the applications focused on power inverters and motor drives primarily in the automotive space” says James, “where the EA sources can test the batteries but also emulate them in the designs of the vehicles and the Tektronix 4 and 5 series MSO scopes are well-suited for the AC signal analysis to drive the motor that is powered by these battery systems”. As shown in Figure 2, select EA power supplies can simulate a set of battery cells at a specific state of charge (SOC) in a few minutes. Typically, these tests involve hours of preparation, charging and discharging multiple batteries and different SOCs before beginning DUT validation.

Figure 2: The ability to both source and sink power enables EA’s power supplies to simulate battery behavior and accurately reproduce a battery’s voltage and current characteristics to test devices.

The Keithley data acquisition (DAQ) systems and digital multimeters (DMM) have played a role in this space for many years, monitoring the temperature and voltage control of the batteries in battery management systems (Figure 3). “So across the entire engineering workflow of designing the powertrain for an EV the Tektronix-, Keithley-, and EA-branded products work together for a solution.” 

Figure 3: Keithley DAQ systems have long been leveraged in environmental monitoring, burn-in/accelerated life testing, as well as failure analysis for automotive applications. Source: Keithley, a Tektronix company

Power inverter and fuel cell testing

“There are other opportunities in power inverters in renewables, especially converting voltage from the DC side with solar panels to AC,” says James. The testing space expands beyond this with fuel cells testing for heavier duty electric mobility solutions such as large trucks, construction equipment, trains, and boats. Fuel cells are also increasingly used in energy security, providing a backup source of power in the event a black out or brownout occurs. “This is an area that EA is very good at and Tektronix can get involved in designing the precision electronics needed to control this type of testing.”

A gap in market for a unified testing solution 

“Our Keithley source measurement units (SMUs) are well-suited to individual cell design,” says James “Our sourcing capabilities with our SMUs stop at about 5 kW of power (Figure 4). We have a 300 V solution and several hundred amp pulsing solutions with our SMUs and we found engineers were moving to higher powers with the evolution of new battery chemistries, new drive trains, and motors.” 

Figure 4: The Keithley 2650 series SMU is a high power instrument designed for characterizing high power electronics such as diodes, FETs, IGBTs, etc., with up to 3000 V or 2000 W of pulse current power. Source: Keithley, a Tektronix company

Tektronix intends to support this trend of moving to higher voltage electrification system in EVs and more energy dense battery chemistries to reach parity with internal combustion engineer (ICE) vehicles, “there was a gap in the market where the suppliers were offering the power solutions or the measurement solutions but no one was really offering the full capability to serve the engineer across that full power portfolio”. 

In the near term, Tektronix intends to bring the EA products into their software umbrella, providing unified testing solutions for engineers across the power spectrum from low-power embedded IoT designs to ultra-high power energy storage, mobility, and hydrogen fuel applications.

Aalyia Shaukat, associate editor at EDN, has worked in the design publishing industry for eight years. She holds a Bachelor’s degree in electrical engineering from Rochester Institute of Technology, and has published works in EE journals and trade magazines.

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The post James Hitchcock at Tektronix explains the recent EA acquisition appeared first on EDN.

With the introduction of the PSoC 4 High Voltage Precision Analog (HVPA)-144K microcontroller, Infineon Technologies AG addresses the automotive battery management sector by integrating high-precision analog and high-voltage subsystems on a single chip. It provides a fully integrated embedded system for monitoring and managing automotive 12 V lead-acid batteries, which is critical for the 12 V power supply of vehicles’ electrical systems. The new microcontroller is ISO26262 compliant, enabling compact and safe intelligent battery sensing and battery management in modern vehicles.

The PSoC 4 HVPA-144K’s dual high-resolution sigma-delta ADCs, together with four digital filtering channels, enable accurate measurement of the battery’s state-of-charge (SoC) and state-of-health (SoH) by measuring key parameters such as voltage, current, and temperature with an accuracy of up to ±0.1 percent. The device features two programmable gain amplifiers (PGAs) with automatic gain control, allowing fully autonomous control of the analog front end without software intervention. The use of shunt-based current sensing for batteries provides a higher accuracy than conventional Hall sensors.

An integrated 12 V LDO (42 V tolerant) allows the device to be supplied directly from the 12 V lead-acid battery without the need for an external power supply. An integrated transceiver allows direct communication with the LIN bus. The product meets the functional safety requirements of ASIL-C according to ISO26262.

The Arm® Cortex®-M0+ MCU on which the PSoC 4 HVPA-144K is based operates at up to 48 MHz with up to 128 KB of code flash, 8 KB of data flash and 8 KB of SRAM, all with ECC. The PSoC 4 HVPA-144K also includes digital peripherals such as four timers/counters/PWMs and a serial communication block that can be configured as an I2C/SPI/UART.

The PSoC 4 HVPA-144K is supported by automotive-quality software. Infineon’s Automotive Peripheral Driver Library (AutoPDL) and Safety Library (SafeTlib) are developed according to the standard automotive software development process. They are both A-SPICE compliant, following the MISRA 2012 AMD1 and CERT C, and ISO26262 compliant.

With the introduction of the PSoC 4 HVPA-144K, Infineon is laying the foundation to expand its PSoC microcontroller portfolio to include Li-ion battery management systems for EVs. The portfolio will soon include several products for monitoring and managing high voltage (400 V and above) and low voltage (12 V/48 V) batteries, further facilitating future EV adoption.

Availability

The PSoC 4 HVPA-144K is now available in a compact 32-QFN (6×6 mm²) package with up to 9 GPIOs. For an easy start of development, an evaluation board is also available. Further information can be found at www.infineon.com/psochvpa144k.

The post Infineon introduces PSoC 4 HVPA-144K microcontroller for automotive battery management systems appeared first on ELE Times.

For the three months ended 31 March (fiscal Q3/2024), BluGlass Ltd of Silverwater, Australia — which develops and manufactures gallium nitride (GaN) blue laser diodes based on its proprietary low-temperature, low-hydrogen remote-plasma chemical vapor deposition (RPCVD) technology — has given an update, including the following highlights...

Nearly a month after Synopsys snapped security IP supplier Intrinsic ID, the Silicon Valley-based firm is reported to have reached closer to selling its software integrity group (SIG), which specializes in application security testing for software developers.

A Reuters report published last week claims that a private equity consortium led by Clearlake Capital and Francisco Partners is in advanced talks to acquire the SIG unit for more than $2 billion, and the deal is anticipated to be announced as early as this week. Synopsys telegraphed the intention to divest its security software business late last year.

The acquisition as well as divesture activities have a strong imprint of Sassine Ghazi’s vision for the company’s future roadmap. Source: Yahoo Finance

Synopsys CEO Sassine Ghazi told the press in March 2024 that around three dozen buyers had shown interest in the SIG unit, and the company was narrowing down the list of potential suitors to half a dozen. Synopsys board has already approved the initiation process for the sale of the SIG unit.

Synopsys has significantly grown its application security test business after acquiring software testing firm Coverity in 2014. Next year, it scooped software security vendor Codenomicon, followed by the acquisition of open-source security vendor Black Duck Software in December 2017.

In June 2021, Synopsys snapped application security risk management firm Code Dx, and a year later, it acquired WhiteHat Security to offer automated protection for web applications in production environments. So, while Synopsys has significantly grown its application security testing business over the years and is one of the key players in this market, why does it want to sell it now?

First, it’s a highly competitive market, and Synopsys has seen its profit margins steadily decline over the past years. Second, and more importantly, Synopsys is streamlining its focus on EDA and IP businesses, so a move away from the application software business seems logical in that context.

A few months before acquiring Intrinsic ID’s IP business for physical unclonable function (PUF) incorporated into system-on-chip (SoC) designs for security capabilities like identification, Synopsys made waves by buying Ansys, an EDA outfit hyper-focused on simulation software. This acquisition is expected to extend Synopsys’ core EDA business into several growing adjacent markets.

When Synopsys made the Ansys and Intrinsic ID acquisitions in a quarter, there were vibes that this EDA firm was on way to become an industry giant. However, the news about the SIG unit’s potential sale shows that the $79 billion company has a well-thought-out plan in which EDA and IP businesses will likely define its future roadmap.

“We believe there’s a higher return on investment in the 90% of our portfolio spread between the design automation and design IP business segments,” Ghazi told investors in November 2023. The company’s software service businesses, like application security testing, clearly fall in the remaining 10%, and buyout firms will be having a closer look at such businesses in 2024.

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• Exclusive: Sassine Ghazi on the launch of Synopsys.ai
• embedded diary: Synopsys to acquire Ansys for $35 billion
• Synopsys Acquires RISC-V Processor Simulation Tools Firm
• Synopsys Adds AI-Driven Tools, Acquires PUF Security Firm

The post Why Synopsys wants to sell its application security testing business appeared first on EDN.

for the positive voltage rail its an lm317 regulator with a bd912 transistor and for the negative rail its going to be a bd911 transistor with an lm337 regulator. i heard using regulators for audio amplifiers is pointless but also not since it may remove oscilations and hum,get rid of expensive 4,7mF(or bigger) capacitors as well as give me a stable +/-20V regardless the current which may be usefull. submitted by /u/a_certain_someon [link] [comments]