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Кампус КПІ ім. Ігоря Сікорського стає ще зеленішим kpi пн, 05/11/2026 - 15:27

Kick-off GreenChem Accelerator 2026 у КПІ ім. Ігоря Сікорського kpi пн, 05/11/2026 - 15:20

When structures bend, stretch, or compress, engineers need a way to translate that invisible mechanical stress into measurable data. Strain gauges do exactly that—tiny sensors that convert deformation into electrical signals with remarkable precision.

From monitoring bridges and aircraft wings to ensuring the reliability of everyday electronics, strain gauges are the quiet workhorses that make stress visible, quantifiable, and actionable.

How resistance reveals stress

At the heart of every strain gauge lies a deceptively simple principle: when a conductor or semiconductor is stretched, its electrical resistance changes. Engineers harness this effect by arranging strain gauges in a Wheatstone bridge circuit, amplifying tiny resistance shifts into measurable voltage signals.

It’s a clever translation—microscopic deformations become clear electrical outputs. Narratively, this is where the magic happens: the silent stress within a bridge girder or aircraft fuselage suddenly speaks in numbers, allowing designers to predict failures, validate models, and ensure safety long before cracks appear.

Stress signals in the real world

A strain gauge is the sensing element itself, while a strain gauge sensor is the complete packaged device that integrates the gauge with wiring, housing, and often signal conditioning for practical measurement. That distinction becomes critical when sensors are deployed in demanding environments.

Consider aerospace wing testing: engineers attach arrays of strain gauges across critical points of an aircraft wing. As the wing flexes under simulated flight loads, each gauge’s resistance shifts, feeding signals into a monitoring system. The sensor assemblies ensure those delicate gauges survive vibration, temperature swings, and handling. This is where theory meets reality—tiny resistance changes become the data that validates aerodynamic models, ensures passenger safety, and drives innovation in lighter, stronger aircraft designs.

Civil infrastructure offers another compelling example. Bridges endure constant stress from traffic, wind, and temperature cycles. Embedded strain gauge sensors provide early warnings of fatigue, helping engineers schedule maintenance before cracks or failures occur. In this narrative, strain gauges are not just measuring stress, they are safeguarding lives and economies by keeping critical structures resilient and reliable.

A technical note: A strain gauge directly measures strain (physical deformation). From this measurement, we determine the internal stress—the intensity of the forces resisting that deformation—using the material’s known stiffness.

Strain gauge vs. load cell vs. FSR

Since this post is focused on strain gauges, here is a quick distinction. A strain gauge measures material deformation as a resistance change, forming the basis of precise force sensing. A load cell builds on this, packaging strain gauges into a calibrated transducer for accurate weight and force measurement in industry. By contrast, a force-sensing resistor (FSR) is a low-cost sensor whose resistance shifts with pressure—handy for relative force detection in consumer and robotic applications, but far less precise.

Figure 1 Strain gauges and force-sensing resistors convert mechanical input into changes in electrical resistance, yet their responses vary in linearity, sensitivity, and application scope. Source: Author

So, in essence, when designers and engineers need to measure force, two of the most widely used technologies are force sensing resistors and strain gauges. Both convert mechanical input into changes in electrical resistance, yet their principles, accuracy, and applications differ greatly.

A force sensing resistor is a thin, flexible, polymer-based sensor whose resistance decreases as pressure is applied to its surface. A strain gauge, on the other hand, is made of fine metallic foil or wire arranged in a grid and bonded to a stable substrate. Rather than detecting direct pressure, it measures strain—the deformation of the material it is attached to. As the material stretches or compresses, the strain gauge deforms as well, producing a slight change in resistance. This change is typically measured using a Wheatstone bridge circuit for precise results.

Similarly, load cells build upon strain gauge technology by integrating one or more gauges into a mechanical structure that translates applied force into measurable strain. This makes load cells highly accurate and reliable devices for quantifying weight and force in industrial, commercial, and scientific applications.

Figure 2 A compact button-type load cell, based on strain-gauge technology, delivers compression measurements in space-limited applications. Source: ATO

Wheatstone bridge configurations for precision strain measurement

In practical applications, strain measurements typically involve very small changes rather than large strain values. Detecting these minute variations requires precise measurement of small resistance changes. A Wheatstone bridge circuit (WBC) is widely used for this purpose, as it translates subtle resistance shifts into measurable voltage outputs.

A standard Wheatstone bridge consists of four equal resistors arranged in a square. An excitation voltage is applied across one diagonal, while the output voltage is measured across the other. In its balanced state, the bridge produces zero output voltage. For strain measurement, one or more resistors are replaced with active strain gauges, whose resistance varies in response to external forces acting on the structure.

To achieve higher sensitivity and improved accuracy, different Wheatstone bridge configurations are employed: quarter-bridge, half-bridge, and full-bridge. In a quarter-bridge, a single resistor is replaced with a strain gauge. A half-bridge uses two strain gauges, while a full bridge replaces all four resistors. These configurations not only enhance measurement precision but also help compensate for temperature effects, making them essential in modern strain gauge instrumentation.

Figure 3 Diagram illustrates a quarter Wheatstone bridge, where one resistor is replaced by the strain gauge. Source: Author

Selecting the right strain gauge

Selecting the right strain gauge requires balancing geometry, resistance, and environmental compatibility to achieve accurate measurements while controlling installation costs. Options range from simple linear gauges for uniaxial stress fields to rosette configurations—rectangular, delta, or tee—for analyzing complex or unknown stress directions, and bridge arrangements for enhanced sensitivity and thermal compensation.

The choice of grid orientation and gauge length must align with the material’s homogeneity and the stress distribution being measured. Equally important are electrical parameters such as the nominal resistance, which determines compatibility with the measurement circuitry, and self-temperature compensation, which offsets thermal effects to maintain accuracy and improve signal-to-noise ratios under fluctuating operating conditions.

Environmental and installation considerations in strain measurement

As stated before, strain gauges are inherently sensitive to temperature variations, and changes in temperature can alter their electrical resistance. If not properly compensated or controlled, this effect can introduce significant measurement errors.

Beyond temperature, external factors such as humidity, moisture, vibration, and electromagnetic interference can also degrade performance and accuracy. Appropriate protective measures—such as encapsulation, shielding, and environmental sealing—are therefore essential to ensure reliable operation.

Equally important is the bonding of the strain gauge to the surface of the substrate. A strong, uniform bond ensures that the gauge accurately follows the strain of the underlying material. Achieving this can be challenging when working with dissimilar materials or irregular surfaces. Poor bonding may result in signal instability or inaccurate readings, undermining the integrity of the measurement system.

Practical strain gauge systems: Bridges, amps, and test kits

In a Wheatstone bridge, the strain gauge serves as the variable resistor whose resistance shifts under mechanical deformation, producing a differential voltage proportional to strain. Because this resistance change is extremely small—often less than 0.1% of the gauge’s nominal value—the bridge must be energized with a stable excitation source and paired with an amplifier stage to extract the signal from noise.

For basic designs, a differential amplifier can provide initial signal conditioning, but for precision applications, an instrumentation amplifier (INA) is preferred due to its superior common-mode rejection and high input impedance.

Keep in mind that the bridge configuration depends on accuracy requirements: a quarter-bridge offers simplicity, a half-bridge adds temperature compensation, and a full-bridge delivers maximum sensitivity. The choice of amplifier ensures the bridge’s delicate balance is preserved while enabling reliable strain measurement.

Today’s compact strain gauge amplifiers make the entire measurement workflow far more straightforward by integrating multiple critical functions into a single, easy-to-use module. Not only do they provide clean signal gain and low-noise performance, but many also feature built-in excitation voltage sources, eliminating the need for external supplies.

They often include automatic bridge balancing to correct minor mismatches in resistance, ensuring the Wheatstone bridge remains stable and accurate. With high input impedance, filtering options, and sometimes digital outputs, these amplifiers reduce design complexity, accelerate setup, and deliver reliable strain data. For engineers, this means less time spent on circuit design and more confidence in capturing precise measurements across lab and field applications.

Figure 4 Compact strain gauge amplifier modules meet growing demand for industrial strain measurements, where miniature size and easy setup are essential. Source: Transmission Dynamics

Moreover, when it comes to strain gauge test kits, they offer a practical, all-in-one pathway for converting mechanical stress into precise electrical signals. These kits typically include gauges with standard resistances (120 Ω or 350 Ω), along with surface preparation tools, adhesives for secure bonding, and protective coatings to ensure durability in challenging environments.

Once integrated into a Wheatstone bridge, the kit enables detection of minute resistance changes defined by the gauge factor, directly linking strain to output voltage. Thus, strain gauge kits simplify what would otherwise be a complex measurement workflow, making them indispensable across fields ranging from structural health monitoring and aerospace stress testing to advanced biomechanics.

That wraps up today’s dive into strain gauges. From foil to semiconductors, the evolution continues—and now it’s your turn to engineer what comes next.

T. K. Hareendran is a self-taught electronics enthusiast with a strong passion for innovative circuit design and hands-on technology. He develops both experimental and practical electronic projects, documenting and sharing his work to support fellow tinkerers and learners. Beyond the workbench, he dedicates time to technical writing and hardware evaluations to contribute meaningfully to the maker community.

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• Industrial sensors and control–The basics
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• LXI-compatible sensor measurement unit packs built-in LAN controller

The post Strain gauges: Turning stress into signal appeared first on EDN.

For fiscal third-quarter 2026, Wolfspeed Inc of Durham, NC, USA — which makes silicon carbide (SiC) materials and power semiconductor devices — has reported revenue of revenue of $150.2m, down 10.6% on $168m last quarter and 19% on $185.4m a year ago...

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Man the difference between linear and logarithmic pots and faders for volume is pretty interesting. This is my third TX-6 style mixer that I had time to finally finish. The first used linear faders and pots, and the second had faders that were too high value resistance so it was more on the quiet side. submitted by /u/Edboy796 [link] [comments]

«Золоті почесні знаки» від Національної технічної організації Федерації науково-технічних товариств Польщі KPI4U-1 пт, 05/08/2026 - 23:15

maybe it's time to start using PCBs submitted by /u/Effective_Vacation21 [link] [comments]

For more detail: https://blog.mehmetasaf.me/how-to-build-a-uart-to-half-duplex-converter-for-your-servo-projects/ Tomorrow, I will build this schematic on a breadboard. I might add some pictures later. Thanks for reading. submitted by /u/PineappleOk7203 [link] [comments]

Нова лабораторія керування промисловими системами на ФЕЛ kpi пт, 05/08/2026 - 17:48

I have designed and built a test jig that will automatically test a small USB output for bench power supplies adapter called USBpwrME. The USBpwrME allows users to connect USB powered electronics to a power supply during test, evaluation troubleshooting etc. Test jig in action The test jig is built around the PIC18F27K22. This is my goto chip at the moment. It has a lot of configurable peripherals, ADC with really high resolution and a huge amount of memory for being a small MCU. And wide supply voltage range! Test sequence will cover all the functions of the USB adapter with as few operator interactions as possible. One "funny" mistake i made during the design was not noticing that the relays i use has actually polarized coil so the pos/neg has to be connected in correct way to make the relay click. I missed this so i needed to hand modify all three relays. Second mistake i made was actually a bit harder to foresee. One test that is performed is to invert the the input polarity to the USBpwrME to see that the polarity protection works. Well the design mistake was that the GND between the jig and the adapter is connected together thru the GND shield of the USB cables. So when the polarity switches the test jig short-circuits itself and restarts. I solved this by adding in the test sequence when to actually connect the USB cables and performing the polarity test just before. Even my eight year old son can operate it :) :) Quite happy although with the result submitted by /u/KS-Elektronikdesign [link] [comments]

Noise, India’s leading connected lifestyle brand, announces the launch of NoiseFit Halo 3, a bold, design, first round dial smartwatch crafted to seamlessly blend style, productivity and AI-powered utility. Design for those who refuse to compromise, Halo 3 combines the refined aesthetics of a classic dress watch with the intelligence and functionality of a modern smartwatch. It delivers what consumers have long sought: a timeless round-dial design paired with meaningful smart capabilities. Building on the Halo legacy, Halo 3 features a sculpted integrated-strap silhouette, a vibrant 1.43″ AMOLED display with 1000 nits brightness, and Noise AI Pro, a productivity-first AI ecosystem offering voice commands, voice recording and transcription, health insights, and personalised wallpapers. 

With Noise Vault for QR pass access, a customizable Smart Dashboard, one-tap health checks and up to 7 days of battery life, Halo 3 is built for the modern man who wants to make an impression, moving effortlessly from a boardroom meeting to a boarding gate, with a watch that transitions as fluidly as he does.

Noise AI Pro with Smart Productive Dashboard

At the core of Halo 3 lies Noise AI Pro, a productivity-first AI layer built for modern routines. Voice commands enable hands-free actions, morning briefs summarise sleep and activity insights, and AI Transcription transcribes voice notes into clean notes. Super Notifications refine alerts by surfacing contextual updates like OTPs, ride statuses and delivery notifications (Android supported). Complementing this intelligence is a customizable Smart Dashboard that supports up to five widgets,  from music control and AQI to sleep insights and hydration tracking, ensuring the most relevant information is always within reach.

Round-Dial Design with AMOLED Brilliance, built to command attention

NoiseFit Halo 3 features refined curves that flow into an integrated strap design, creating a cohesive, sculpted silhouette. Precision cuts along the dial edge add depth and character, while the 1.43” AMOLED display with 1000 nits brightness delivers striking clarity and effortless visibility across lighting conditions. Available in metal, leather and silicon strap options, Halo 3 adapts seamlessly from boardrooms to social settings, offering long-wear comfort without compromising on presence.

Noise Vault & Seamless Utility, scan and move

Halo 3 introduces Noise Vault, allowing users to store QR codes for flights, concerts, movies and more directly on the watch. Acting as a digital passbook, it enables seamless, hands-free scanning at entry points and boarding gates, reducing dependence on the phone during high-movement moments.

Health Insights & Week-Long Battery, built for uninterrupted days

The smartwatch supports one-tap heart rate, stress and SpO₂ monitoring alongside continuous tracking throughout the day. Backed by up to 7 days of battery life, Halo 3 ensures users stay informed and connected without frequent charging interruptions.

Price and Availability

Available in four elegant colours with strap options – Metal (Black) , Leather (Brown, Blue) & Silicon (Black),  the NoiseFit Halo 3 is live on sale, at an introductory price of 5,499 on gonoise.com, Amazon and Flipkart. 

Product Specifications
NoiseFit Halo 3

Specification	Details
Display	1.43″ AMOLED, 1000 nits
Strap options	Metal (Black), Leather (Brown, Blue), Silicon (Black)
Core AI	Noise AI Pro: Voice commands, Morning briefs, AI Transcription, Super Notifications (Android-only advanced notifications)
Health	One-tap Heart Rate, Stress, SpO₂; continuous tracking
Compatibility	Android & iOS
Battery	Up to 7 days

 

About Noise

Noise is India’s leading smartwatch and connected lifestyle brand. The brand prioritises consumer centricity, design innovation, and product excellence to constantly reinvent and introduce future-forward innovations in audio, wearables, and the connected lifestyle ecosystem. As a homegrown brand, it is committed to creating an experience-led ecosystem through futuristic yet meaningful technology. With patents and a strong R&D focus, their innovation arm, Noise Labs, boasts many industry-first breakthroughs and houses some stellar technologies across categories. 

Noise is leading the charge to foster the growth of the industry and the nation’s vision by boosting the manufacturing efforts under the Make in India initiative, fostering a strong community of people who want to connect on health, lifestyle, and fitness on the NoiseFit App, while helping businesses ensure their employee wellbeing through the Corporate Wellness Program.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

The post Next-Gen Upgrade to the Halo Series, NoiseFit Halo 3 brings Presence-Led Design and AI to the Wrist appeared first on ELE Times.

Simple analog circuits manage multi-PSU powerup and shutdown sequences.

In projects containing digital and/or analog circuits, multiple power supplies are used, generally 5V DC for digital circuits and 15V DC for analog circuits. Some projects also use 24V or 48V DC as the third power supply. In many cases, these power supplies need to be switched on in sequence, commonly 5V DC first and 15V DC next, with a time delay in-between. Subsequently switching them off necessitates implementing this sequence in reverse, i.e., first in/last out (FILO) in total, with 15 VDC first and 5V DC next and again with a time delay in-between.

Wow the engineering world with your unique design: Design Ideas Submission Guide

In MCU-based projects, this sequencing can be achieved through an appropriate software routine. For non-MCU projects, conversely, Figure 1 shows a simple analog circuit that accomplishes this function for two power supplies:

Figure 1 A simple analog circuit controls the powerup and shutdown sequencing of two power supplies. 

How does this circuit work? Fundamentally, it employs the charging and discharging of capacitor C1 to achieve both power supply sequencing and the interim time delay. SW1 is a two-pole ON/OFF switch. When it is pressed, 5V is applied first through one pole and then through the second pole. 0V applied to the base of Q5 creates an open circuit. Next, C1 gets charged through R8.

The voltage at C1 rises per the following formula:

 v= V(1-e-t/T)

Here V=5V and T=R8xC1. R9, R10 and R11 serve as voltage dividers to set the references for comparators U1B and U1A.

When the rising voltage v crosses through the first reference voltage set by R11, the U1B output goes HIGH, saturating Q1. This transition causes Q2 to conduct and connect to the 5V output.  Capacitor voltage v, further rising, next crosses through the second reference voltage set by R10+R11. Now the U1A output goes HIGH, saturating Q4. Q3 now also conducts, with 15V also made available at the output.

For switching off, although SW1 is now opened, 5V initially continues to be fed to the output through the ongoing conduction of Q2. The base of Q5 goes HIGH, causing it to saturate. C1 resultantly starts discharging through R12. The voltage v at C1 decreases as per the formula:

v=Ve-t/T

When this voltage goes below the reference voltage 2 set as the input to U1A, its output goes LOW. Q4 and Q3 now turn OFF. Hence, the 15V DC output is switched OFF first. As the capacitor voltage further decreases with the passing of time, it goes below the reference 1 set at the input of U1B. Its output now also goes LOW, turning Q1 and Q2 OFF. The 5V output, switched OFF last, implements the desired FILO sequence.

Notably, this design doesn’t employ a constantly power-consuming watchdog circuit. For different time delays, accordingly select R9, R10 and R11 to set the desired reference voltages. High current power supplies can be handled by using suitable MOS switches (Q2 and Q3).

You can expand this concept to cover any number of power supplies to be operated in a time-delay FILO sequence. For example, Figure 2 shows a derived analog circuit, this time supporting three power supplies:

Figure 2 An analog circuit derived from the previous one controls the powerup and shutdown sequencing of three power supplies, with the concept further as-needed expandable.

The video below demonstrates the operation of Figure 2’s circuit with three power supplies in a FILO sequence.

Jayapal Ramalingam has over three decades of experience in designing electronics systems for power & process industries and is presently a freelance automation consultant.

Related Content

• Short push, long push for sequential operation of multiple power supplies
• Silly simple supply sequencing
• Vcc delay

The post Single switch controls sequential operation of multiple power supplies appeared first on EDN.

Renesas Electronics Corporation is a premier supplier of semiconductor solutions. Today, it announces that a subsidiary of Renesas has completed the acquisition of Irida Labs, a Greece-based company specialising in embedded software for AI-powered visual perception systems. The acquisition strengthens Renesas edge AI embedded processing offerings, a key secular growth area for Renesas. It also enables system-level solutions that integrate physical AI vision systems across industrial, robotics, smart city, IoT, agriculture and healthcare markets. As a part of Renesas’ digitalisation strategy, Irida Labs software and tools will be integrated into Renesas 365, a newly released platform that unifies electronics system development from discovery to development and lifecycle management.

While the demand for intelligent systems at the edge continues to soar across industries, developers must often overcome the growing complexity of AI system development. This includes the integration of power-constraint embedded processors and software, training, deploying AI models and addressing latency and security risks associated with data transmission. Vision AI software plays a critical role in interpreting and processing visual data from cameras and sensors widely used in industrial inspection, robotics guidance, in-cabin automotive sensing, traffic and infrastructure monitoring, smart retail analytics and safety and security systems.

The addition of Irida Labs to Renesas’ product portfolio addresses these emerging challenges. By combining Renesas’ AI-enabled RA microcontrollers (MCU) AND RZ microprocessors (MPU) with Irida Labs comprehensive tool suite and lightweight Vision AI software, Renesas can now delebier high performance, power-efficient edge AI solutions that are ready for deployment. Together, these capabilities reinforce Renesas’ progress towards fully integrated Vision AI system solutions.

Vassilis Tsagaris, CEO & Co-Founder of Irida Labs, added, “The joining of Irida Labs into Renesas marks an important milestone in our edge vision AI journey. By combining Irida Labs’ edge Vision AI expertise and our PerCV.ai software with Renesas hardware and global ecosystem, we open up exciting new opportunities to deliver meaningful impact on edge AI worldwide. I am proud of what the team has built, and genuinely excited to take it forward together with Renesas, turning our shared vision into reality.”

Before the acquisition, Renesas and Irida Labs collaborated as partners to develop solutions combining Irida Labs’ PerCV.ai software with Renesas’ RA and RZ devices. Bringing these capabilities in-house enables Renesas to deliver more tightly integrated solutions quickly. Renesas also plans to integrate Irida Labs software and tools into its newly introduced intelligent, open cloud-based development platform, Renesas 365.

The post Renesas Completes Acquisition of Irida Labs to Expand Vision AI Software Capabilities and Accelerates System-Level Vision Solutions appeared first on ELE Times.

День пам’яті та перемоги над нацизмом у Другій світовій війні 1939–1945 років KPI4U-2 пт, 05/08/2026 - 11:56

Infineon Technologies AG of Munich, Germany says that the Full Commission of the US International Trade Commission (ITC) has affirmed the ITC’s initial determination from December 2025 that China-based Innoscience (Suzhou) Technology Holding Co Ltd, which manufactures GaN-on-silicon power chips on 8” silicon wafers, infringed an Infineon patent concerning gallium nitride (GaN) technology and ordered import and sales bans against Innoscience. The Commission’s final decision and the bans are subject to a 60-day review period of the US President...

Rhode & Schwartz and Greenerwave conduct a joint measurement trial that demonstrates a near-field system. It can record the full radiation pattern of a 50 cm Ku band electronically steerable array for a SATCOM antenna in just half an hour. The result matches simulation models within a decibel, that make this approach rapid and precise. For manufacturers of SATCOM systems facing large chamber constraints, it offers a clear path towards quick and cost-effective testing.

Electronically Steerable Array (ESA) antennas are a key component in modern SATCOM systems. Accurate knowledge of their radiation pattern is required for reliable operation in LEO, MEO, and GEO orbits. However, conventional far-field testing demands chambers that are often larger for Ku or Ka band antennas, especially when the aperture of the Antenna Under Test (AUT) reaches half a meter or more. Compact Antenna Test Range (CATR) is relatively large for AUTs and are time consumiong dual-axis positioning of AUT to map the radiation pattern.

Greenerwave’s innovative SATCOM user terminals are based on Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface (RIS), allowing the company to design electronically steerable antennas that deliver high-performance connectivity while reducing energy consumption and reliance on semiconductors compared with conventional solutions.

For the joint measurement campaign, T&M expert Rhode & Schwarz provided its R&STS8991 over-the-air and antenna measurement system, equipped with a conical cut positioner, and its R&SZNA vector network analyser. Together, they evaluated Greenerwave’s passive single-aperture ESA that uses RIS technology for beamforming. The Antenna Under Test (AUT) features a 50x 50cm aperture and is designed for low power consumption and easy integration.

The measurement covered an extended upper hemisphere down to a polar angle of 120 degrees, using a one-degree step size. Ten Ku band frequencies were recorded in a total of 32 minutes due to the system’s hardware trigger function. Data was processed using the R&SAMS32 antenna measurement software, which applied the FIAFTA near-field to far-field transformation.

Comparison with the original simulation based on a numerical twin model and with results from Greenerwave’s CATR setup showed peak gain or directivity variations, validating the accuracy of the near-field solution. The trial shows that even large SATCOM antennas can be characterised quickly and accurately, providing a practical alternative to large-sized far-field CATRs. This system can be used by other SATCOM makers testing broadband, research lab environment, IoT for applications requiring flexible beam control and high data rates.

The post Rohde & Schwarz and Greenerwave Achieve an Efficient ESA Antenna Charecterisation Using Near-Field Technology appeared first on ELE Times.

Deposition equipment maker Aixtron SE of Herzogenrath, near Aachen, Germany has supplied Renesas Electronics Corp of Tokyo, Japan with multiple Planetary G5+C systems to expand its gallium nitride (GaN) production in high-volume manufacturing (HVM) environments. The collaboration helps to strengthen Renesas’ GaN production capabilities in response to surging demand across critical power electronics applications...