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The Canadian government is to spin off the Canadian Photonics Fabrication Centre (CPFC) — the nation’s only end-to-end pure-play III-V compound semiconductor wafer manufacturing facility — into a commercial entity...

The evolution of automotive safety is moving from the exterior to the interior, opening a new frontier: in-cabin sensing. Its emergence marks a shift from passive vehicle shells to active systems capable of detecting and safeguarding occupants. However, implementing radar-based in-cabin sensing presents multifaceted engineering challenges, including privacy considerations, real-time data processing, and functional safety, all under strict regulatory umbrella.

Radar has become the preferred modality for in-cabin applications, offering privacy by design, effectiveness through interior materials, and immunity to lighting conditions. Crucially, it detects micro-motions such as breathing and heartbeat.

Why in-cabin sensing Is becoming mandatory

In-cabin sensing includes systems that monitor driver behavior, track occupant presence, detect vital signs, and recognize gestures within the vehicle. With the push for in-cabin sensing in response to global demand for higher safety standards, in-cabin sensing is moving from a “nice-to-have” to a “must-have” feature set.

Figure 1 In-cabin sensing is increasingly becoming a must-have feature in modern vehicles. Source: Cadence Design Systems

Tragic incidents involving children left in hot cars and drowsy driving have prompted regulators and safety organizations to act, making in-cabin sensing essential for top safety ratings.

Regulatory bodies are shifting focus from external crash prevention to interior safety measures. Programs like Euro NCAP’s Child Presence Detection (CPD), effective in 2025, and the U.S. Hot Cars Act highlight the importance of interior monitoring to prevent child fatalities and assess driver alertness. While traditional camera systems face privacy and lighting challenges, radar technology, especially 60 GHz frequency-modulated continuous wave (FMCW) radar, offers a superior, privacy-preserving solution for next-generation intelligent cockpits.

Why radar is emerging as a preferred modality

Radar technology offers a unique set of capabilities that make it the optimal choice for the complex environment of a vehicle cabin. Unlike cameras, which can be obstructed by poor lighting or raise privacy concerns, radar provides robust, non-intrusive sensing and offers many benefits.

Privacy by design

In an era where data privacy is paramount, radar offers a distinct advantage. It does not capture detailed visual images of faces or bodies. Instead, it detects presence and movement through point clouds. This allows the system to monitor occupants effectively without recording sensitive personal visual data, making it far more acceptable to privacy-conscious consumers.

Seeing the unseen (non-line-of-sight)

One of the most profound advantages of radar is its ability to penetrate materials. A camera cannot see a child covered by a blanket or sleeping in a rear-facing car seat obstructed by the driver’s seat. Radar, however, can detect the micro-movements of breathing or a heartbeat through clothing, blankets, and even seat materials (excluding steel). This non-line-of-sight (NLOS) capability is crucial for reliable CPD.

Environmental robustness

Radar is immune to lighting conditions. It functions just as effectively in pitch-black darkness as it does in blinding sunlight, ensuring continuous protection day or night. Furthermore, its performance remains robust despite temperature fluctuations, humidity, or vibrations—common factors in the automotive environment.

Why 60-GHz FMCW radar specifically?

As OEMs and Tier 1 manufacturers evaluate their platform choices, the FMCW-versus-ultra-wideband (UWB) debate often arises. While UWB has had success in consumer electronics and certain automotive access systems, FMCW radar aligns more naturally with the requirements of high-volume automotive in-cabin sensing deployments.

FMCW offers a lower cost structure, simpler integration path, and superior feature scalability. It supports multi-use sensing—from occupant monitoring and CPD to vital signs and gesture recognition—all within a unified signal-processing pipeline.

FMCW also avoids security challenges such as relay or “man-in-the-middle” vulnerabilities sometimes associated with UWB applications. Taken together, these factors make FMCW at 60 GHz the “sweet spot” for OEMs targeting a multi-model rollout between 2026 and 2030.

Challenges in engineering the intelligent cabin

Implementing radar-based in-cabin sensing is not without its challenges. It represents a multifaceted engineering hurdle that requires the convergence of precision sensors, high-speed signal processing, and functional safety compliance.

The processing challenge

Detecting the subtle rise and fall of a sleeping infant’s chest amidst the noise of a moving vehicle requires immense computational precision. The radar processing pipeline involves complex stages, including the Range FFT (Fast Fourier Transform), the Doppler FFT, and sophisticated clutter-removal algorithms.

Statistics show 99.9% accuracy in CPD using radar. To achieve this high accuracy, engineers must employ advanced digital signal processing (DSP) technologies. Solutions like the Tensilica Vision 110 DSP are designed specifically for these high-performance, low-power requirements.

Figure 2 Here is a radar processing pipeline for a child presence detection use case. Source: Cadence Design Systems

By offloading complex mathematical operations such as 8-bit and 16-bit MACs to a dedicated DSP, automotive designers can achieve the required frame rates (around 50 FPS) while adhering to strict power and thermal constraints.

Integrating AI and machine learning

The future of in-cabin sensing lies in the fusion of traditional signal processing with machine learning (ML). While traditional algorithms excel at determining distance and speed, ML is essential for classification. Is the object a bag of groceries or a child? Is the driver blinking due to fatigue or just natural movement? Object segmentation is performed by running AI models on a radar dataset.

Advanced radar architectures now support AI-driven classification, allowing the system to learn and adapt. This capability enables features like gesture recognition for touchless control of infotainment systems, adding a layer of comfort and convenience alongside safety.

Applications beyond safety: Comfort and autonomy

While safety mandates are the primary driver, the potential of radar-based in-cabin sensing extends well beyond user experience and autonomous operation.

Health and wellbeing

The sensitivity of 60-GHz radar enables vital sign monitoring. Systems can continuously track heart and breathing rates without physical contact.

Figure 3 This radar processing pipeline serves vital signs monitoring (HR/BR). Source: Cadence Design Systems

In the event of a medical emergency, the vehicle could detect the driver’s distress and autonomously pull over or alert emergency services.

Enhancing autonomy

As we progress toward L3 and L4 autonomy, the vehicle needs to know not just where it is, but also how its occupants are doing. In a handover scenario where the car needs the driver to take control, the in-cabin sensing system must verify that the driver is alert, present, and ready. Radar provides this verification reliably, acting as a core intelligence layer that builds trust in machine-driven environments.

Operational efficiency

For emerging mobility models like robotaxis, radar offers practical benefits. It can detect the number of passengers for billing purposes, ensure no objects are left behind, and even automatically manage trunk operation.

The silicon imperative: Efficient DSPs and AI at the edge

In-cabin radar workloads demand a unique blend of high-throughput DSP operations and compact neural-inference capabilities. Traditional MCUs lack the parallelism required for FFT-heavy pipelines, while dedicated NPUs often exceed cost and power envelopes for cabin modules. A new category of radar-optimized DSPs has emerged as the right balance—programmable, efficient, and capable of supporting both classical signal processing and radar-trained neural networks.

These processors must deliver high MAC throughput, robust SIMD capabilities, and efficient memory architecture while operating within tight thermal constraints. Their flexibility enables quick algorithmic iteration, which is essential in a domain where radar datasets continue to expand across body sizes, seating layouts, and vehicle architectures.

The road ahead

As vehicles advance toward autonomous operation, in-cabin sensing will become a core intelligence layer that predicts occupant needs, safeguards their well-being, and builds trust in machine-driven environments. The integration of radar into the vehicle cabin is redefining what it means to be safe on the road.

For automotive OEMs and Tier 1 suppliers, mastering scalable, radar-based sensing architecture is no longer optional, but is a determinant of future leadership. By leveraging powerful DSP platforms and embracing the unique capabilities of FMCW radar, engineers are not just meeting regulations; they are designing a safer, more intuitive driving experience.

The guardians are no longer just on the bumper; they are inside, ensuring that every journey ends as safely as it began.

Amit Kumar is director of Automotive Product Management and Marketing for Tensilica DSPs at Cadence. He has more than 20 years of design experience in the semiconductor and IP segments. Amit has held product marketing, application engineering, business development, and key strategic management roles with a specialization in automotive ADAS/AD and robotics applications.

Related Content

• Automotive: The latest on in-cabin sensing designs
• Partnering to Advance Automotive In-Cabin Sensing Tech
• In-Cabin Monitoring: Time-of-Flight and Radar Take the Wheel
• How In-Cabin Monitoring Solutions Contribute to Overall Vehicle Safety
• Advancements in radar technology and the evolution of in-cabin sensing

The post The guardians inside: How radar is redefining in-cabin sensing appeared first on EDN.

VSDSquadron FPGA Trainer Kit for High School Chip Design is now ready to ship — a complete hands-on platform to learn RISC-V, FPGA, and real chip design from school level. submitted by /u/kunalg123 [link] [comments]

SmartClamp DrMOS power devices from AOS are designed for the demanding power requirements of AI servers and high-end GPUs. Each device is a synchronous buck power stage with two asymmetrically optimized high-side and low-side MOSFETs and an integrated driver. They provide precise 100-A positive and 50-A negative current limiting during high di/dt transients. The flagship AOZ53228QI extends protection to multiphase voltage regulators, helping prevent failures during frequent high peak-current events.

In AI applications, fast load transients can drive current beyond the limits of standard inductors and power stages. Conventional overcurrent protection schemes may introduce response delays that allow short current overshoot events, which can stress the high-side MOSFET, particularly under inductor saturation conditions.

The SmartClamp family mitigates this risk by implementing current limiting directly within the power stage rather than relying solely on the controller, improving response to load transients that occur in tens of nanoseconds. An internal ramp-based sensing method continuously monitors inductor current in real time, enabling cycle-by-cycle current clamping instead of reacting after fault conditions develop. Cycle-by-cycle control reduces the likelihood of inductor saturation and MOSFET overstress during AI-style burst loads.

SmartClamp devices, including the AOZ53228QI, AOZ53262QI, and AOZ53263QI, are available in production quantities with a 12-week lead time. The AOZ53228QI is priced at $1.40 each in lots of 1000 units.

Alpha & Omega Semiconductor 

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SiTime’s Elite 2 Super-TCXO family of oscillators delivers sub-nanosecond synchronization, increasing GPU utilization in AI clusters. By minimizing timing errors between GPUs, the devices boost throughput and performance per watt.

“Industry reports show GPU utilization in AI clusters can be as low as 20 to 40 percent—a large and largely hidden tax on AI infrastructure,” said Piyush Sevalia, chief business officer at SiTime. “AI workloads are distributed across GPUs in tightly orchestrated time slots. Even small timing errors force wait cycles to avoid data corruption, and in extreme cases can trigger GPU timeouts and system restarts. Poor synchronization directly caps GPU utilization.”

Emerging AI cluster requirements call for reducing timing errors to 10 ns, down from 1 µs today. The Elite 2 Super-TCXO achieves 1-ns synchronization accuracy—exceeding this target—with frequency slope as low as ±2 ppb/°C.

The series comprises four variants: SiT5234 and SiT5434, operating from 1 MHz to 60 MHz, and SiT5235 and SiT5435, operating from 60 MHz to 105 MHz. The SiT5234 and SiT5235 offer Allan Deviation (ADEV) of 1E-11, while the SiT5434 and SiT5435 achieve 6E-12. All oscillators are available in 3.2×2.5-mm plastic and 5.0×3.2-mm ceramic packages.

Elite 2 Super-TCXOs are sampling now, with commercial production expected in Q3 2026.

SiTime

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TVS diodes in the TPSMC, TPSMD, and TP5.0SMDJ series from Littelfuse provide standoff voltage ratings of up to 400 V in a single device. Compared to low- and mid-voltage TVS diodes that require multiple devices in series for adequate protection, this single-device approach reduces BOM costs and component count.

The TPSMC, TPSMD, and TP5.0SMDJ series deliver peak pulse power ratings of 1.5 kW, 3.0 kW, and 5.0 kW (10/1000 µs), respectively, with peak surge currents up to 300 A. Designed for automotive power electronics, the devices protect GaN/SiC MOSFETs and IGBTs in battery disconnect units, high-voltage HVAC systems, and PTC heaters from severe transients such as load dumps and other high-energy events.

These devices combine fast response times (typically <1 ps) for effective transient clamping with IEC-61000-4-2 ESD compliance up to 30 kV for robust system-level protection. AEC-Q101 qualification and PPAP capability support automotive reliability requirements, while the SMC (DO-214AB) surface-mount package minimizes PCB footprint and simplifies layout.

The TPSMC, TPSMD, and TP5.0SMDJ series are available in tape-and-reel format in quantities of 3000. Samples can be requested through authorized Littelfuse distributors worldwide.

Littelfuse

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R&S has extended its BBA300 family of broadband amplifiers with single-band models delivering 500 W and 1000 W P1dB RF output power. The BBA300-DE500 and BBA300-DE1000 cover 1 GHz to 6 GHz without band switching, improving efficiency in automated test environments. Optional BBA-PK1 software for the 500-W model enables bias point adjustment to optimize either linearity for complex signals or pulse fidelity, while providing a tradeoff between output power and mismatch tolerance.

Well-suited for automotive, aerospace, and defense applications, the solid-state amplifiers offer high availability and robust operation under mismatch conditions. They generate high field strengths for component and full-vehicle testing, as well as high-intensity radiated field (HIRF) testing. The amplifiers support a wide range of modulation types, from standard amplitude and pulse modulation to complex OFDM signals.

To achieve high power density, the compact modular amplifiers integrate into 30U racks preconfigured for direct horn antenna mounting. To reduce RF losses at high frequencies, the RF output is positioned centrally within the rack, minimizing cable length to the antenna and improving overall link budget.

Learn more about the BBA-300 family of broadband amplifiers here.

Rohde & Schwarz 

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The TS1800 platform root of trust controller and TS50x secure boot controller expand Microchip’s TrustShield portfolio of post-quantum cryptography (PQC)-ready devices. These ICs address emerging cybersecurity mandates, including the European Cyber Resilience Act (CRA) and Commercial National Security Algorithm Suite 2.0 (CNSA 2.0), across data center, compute, defense, and infrastructure systems.

Designed for external platform root of trust in multi-component systems, the TS1800 provides secure boot, secure firmware updates, attestation, and certificate handling using hardware-accelerated PQC. An Arm Cortex-M4F processor operating at up to 192 MHz provides up to 2× the processing power of previous generations to support the increased computational demands of PQC workloads. The controller also supports Open Compute Project (OCP)-compliant implementations, enabling firmware integrity validation and lifecycle management.

The TS50x series provides PQC-based secure boot for systems that do not require the full OCP-based platform root of trust feature set offered by the TS1800. With a simpler architecture, it focuses on signature verification using both PQC and classical cryptography for firmware stored in SPI flash. The controller holds the main chipset in reset until verification completes. This hybrid approach enables retrofitting existing ECC-based designs with PQC.

TS1800 and TS50x controllers and evaluation boards are available as part of Microchip’s early adopter program. 

TS1800/TS50x product page

Microchip Technology 

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This engineer no longer has a bulbous monitoring device attached to his chest. He’s transitioned to a svelte successor, in the same location but this time placed subcutaneously.

Thanks to all of you who wrote in expressing concern and well wishes subsequent to the publication of my previous two posts in this series, focusing on my recent cardiac issues. I’m happy to report that I successfully made it through the 30-day regimen with a function-tailored smartphone in my pocket and a monitor stuck to my chest . I’m also happy to report that my cardiologist’s analysis of the collected data revealed no serious ongoing concerns. That said, I’m not yet completely “off the hook”, therefore the topic of today’s follow-up writeup.

What the 30-day results did reveal were a few brief episodes of tachycardia, i.e., elevated heart rate and intensity sequences, albeit with a still-regular cadence:

As my cardiologist explained (and I now paraphrase), my heart seemed to be trying to go back into irregular rhythm but (thankfully) didn’t succeed. As such, he was of the opinion that I still should proactively have a cardiac ablation, but I’ve declined that option, at least for now.

During my mid-November episode, while the bulk of my arrythmia rhythm was classified as atrial flutter, which has a near-100% success rate even after only a single ablation procedure:

my heart also occasionally transitioned into atrial fibrillation (AFib), whose single-procedure success rate is lower, due in part to the larger number of impulse sites that typically need to be severed (subsequent repeat procedures bolster the chances of a successful eventual outcome):

Instead, what I proposed (and he eventually agreed to) was a more conservative approach, at least initially. I’d remain on rhythm-stabilizing beta blockers. And he’d embed a miniature leadless cardiac monitor, with three-year operating life, subcutaneously in my chest to enable ongoing logging of any further heart rate abnormalities. He’d then automatically receive a report from the service provider each month. If there was no further detected AFib or atrial flutter after the monitor’s integrated battery eventually died, I could declare an “all clear”, with the now-inert monitor potentially remaining in me for the rest of my life. And if any recurrence of irregular arrythmia did occur, we could revisit the potential ablation scenario.

Tiny but mighty

The system I’m now artificially augmented with—just call me Steve Austin—is from Medtronic. Specifically, it’s the first-generation Reveal LINQ, which has been in widespread use for more than a decade at this point. At its nexus is the model LNQ11 ICM (insertable cardiac monitor), now in residence in my chest, which required only a local anesthetic (lidocaine) and sub-1 cm incision for installation, along with a couple of internal dissolvable stitches and some glue to temporarily hold the incision flaps together for the first two weeks while it healed.

The ICM has dimensions of approx. 44.8 x 7.2 x 4 mm, translating to (at ~1.3 cubic cm) roughly 1/3 the volume of a AAA battery, and weighs around 2.5 grams. Here are some stock shots:

Wireless diversity

The ICM communicates with a standalone AC-powered patient monitor which receives transmissions from the ICM and passes them along to a “cloud” server over a cellular data link:

Here are the meaningful perspectives of the outer packaging I received post-ICM installation:

Opening up the box, there was (obviously) no longer an ICM inside; it had already been relocated to my skin’s underside, at the left pectoral region of my chest, to be precise:

The patient monitor is variously described as needing to be no further than either 2 or 3 meters away (depending on the literature piece being referenced) from the ICM-toting patient in order to ensure reliable data transfers:

The system manual (PDF) accessible (along with other useful info) via the patient portal provides detailed information on the divers spectrum swaths used for various ICM-to-patient monitor and patient monitor-to-cloud functions, along with their associated modulation schemes. The companion ICM manual (PDF) translates these technical specifications into “for the masses” cautions and broader recommendations for cardiac monitor operation in EMI-rich environments (motors, arc welders, radio transmitters, etc.) along with the information you should share beforehand with MRI scanner operators as well as airport and other security personnel (I carry a Medtronic-supplied info card in my wallet for situations such as these).

Speaking of spectrum swaths, the FCC certification ID for the ICM is LF5MEDSIMPLANT1; I encourage you to check out the FCC site for more interesting information on the device, including a set of teardown images. Even more interesting info can be accessed by punching other FCC IDs, found on product labels both above and below this point in the writeup, into the independently developed and maintained FCC certification website search engine.  And further to the spectrum swath topic, I’ll note that Medtronic has subsequently introduced the LINQ II ICM, similar in size (45.1 x 8 x 4.2 mm) and per my online research making several notable enhancements to the first-gen implementation:

• Like the 30-day cardiac monitor I described in my previous writeup, it communicates with the data receiver device over Bluetooth low energy (BLE), not the proprietary protocols leveraged with the first-generation ICM. As such, again as with the 30-day monitor I previously used, it can connect to a conventional smartphone versus requiring my dedicated bedside patient monitor device.
• Its BLE and smartphone intermediary foundations also enable it to be remotely reprogrammed by the cardiologist for settings fine-tuning purposes, versus necessitating an office visit for the patient.
• Estimated battery life is now 4.5 years.
• And the LINQ II is FDA-cleared for pediatric use with patients 2 years and older.

Selective storage and transmission

My previous cardiac monitoring device was bulky and required recharge every five days or so. How on earth, then, does this comparatively tiny ICM run for 3 years on a much smaller and non-rechargeable cell? Selectivity is one key differentiator; while the prior cardiac monitor was constantly logging heartbeat information, the ICM (automatically, at least; keep reading) only captures a data sequence when it senses there’s a potential arrhythmia event occurring, and cloud-based AI algorithms further weed out “false positives” before passing the information on to the cardiologist.

The ICM only houses enough onboard storage for 27 minutes’ worth of this auto-logged information. It’s what’s known as a “loop recorder”, overwriting old data with new, operating under the assumption that the old data has already been transferred to the patient monitor. Yes, this means that, as with my CPAP machine, I also need to travel with the patient monitor and its AC power adapter.

What happens if I’m symptomatic, suggestive of an in-process cardiac event; palpitations, dizziness, light-headedness, etc.? The answer to that question depends on whether my patient monitor is nearby. You may have already noticed in the earlier set of photos that the patient monitor appears to consist of two pieces, with the smaller portion sitting atop the larger base unit. Kudos on your insight: you’re right:

If the patient monitor is nearby when you find yourself in distress, you can detach the “reader” portion (which, perhaps obviously, contains an embedded rechargeable battery), place it on your chest directly above the implant area, and transfer the captured and “flagged” data for analysis by the cardiologist (who can also proactively reach out to you for an ad-hoc transmission of this same way, by the way, if he or she sees something awry in the auto-captured monthly report data).

And if you’re away from your patient monitor? That’s where the pocketable “patient assistant”, accompanied in the following photos by a 0.75″ (19.1 mm) diameter U.S. penny for size comparison purposes, comes into the picture:

Place it on your chest atop the ICM, punch the “record” button, LED light-confirm that the two devices are communicating and, later, that a successful sample has been captured, and the next time you’re nearby the patient monitor it’ll be priority-tagged and transmitted. The ICM contains additional storage sufficient for 30 minutes total (variously segmented) of patient-activated recordings, beyond the earlier-mentioned 27 minutes of auto-logged data.

I’ll pass along any other notable aspects of my “bionic augmentation” experience via this blog if/as I encounter them in the coming months (and years). For now, I welcome your thoughts in the comments on what I’ve shared so far!

—Brian Dipert is the associate editor, as well as a contributing editor, at EDN.

Related Content

• Wearables for health analysis: A gratefulness-inducing personal experience
• Cardiac monitors: Inconspicuous, robust data collectors
• Adventures with a remote heart monitor
• Heart rate monitor using a programmable SoC

The post Cardiac flutter(ing): Long-term monitoring appeared first on EDN.

Keysight Technologies today announces a new PCIe 7.0 Receiver (RX) Test application, growing its PCIe 7.0 portfolio to enable end-to-end transmitter and receiver validation. The receiver’s test application targets the emerging challenge of receiver validation performance at 128 GT/s for next-generation computers, AI, and data centre applications.

PCIe base specification releases continue to shorten and the PCIe 7.0 standard moves towards adoption. Engineers face rising challenges in validating receiver performance. These challenges are caused by a lack of test equipment for receiver testing, along with the increasingly complex stress signal calibration requirements.
At 128 GT/s, PCIe 7.0 receiver validation has become a defining hurdle for the industry. Reliable validation testing ensures the least risk and interoperability as the ecosystem scales. Keysight’s receiver test solution enables engineers to validate devices with confidence.

The combination of M8050A BERT family, M8042A 120 Gbaud pattern generator and M8043A error analyser forms the receiver dress testing. This enables accurate signal generation and analysis for ASIC validation.

Complimenting the hardware, the new N5991PB7A software helps in accelerating the receiver validation process by simplifying the calibration and control of PCIe 7.0 receiver stress signals. Advanced automation capabilities enable accuracy in ASIC receiver characterisation.

Combining the hardware and the software formulates a comprehensive PCIe 7.0 receiver test solution that aligns the validation workflow and improves measurement accuracy with ASIC development reliability in common clock mode.  

The Key benefits of the new receiver stress calibration for PCIe 7.0 : 

• Accelerates Receiver Bring-Up and Validation: Automated PCIe 7.0 RX workflows reduce manual setup and enable faster results.
• Reduces Compliance Risk at 128 GT/s: Specification-aligned, stressed-signal generation exposes receiver weaknesses initially, minimising last-stage rework.
• Compliments End-to-End PCIe 7.0 Test: When combined with Keysight’s PCIe 7.0 TX test solution, engineers gain comprehensive transmitter and coverage.

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The Vishay Semiconductor VETH100A1DD1 ESD has successfully passed IEEE 10BASE-T1 compliance testing. It confirms suitability for use in a one-pair Ethernet (OPEN) bus architecture.

The VETH100A1DD1 meets all three OPEN Alliance EMC Test Specifications for ESD Protection Devices. Which supports 100BASE-T1S , and 1000BASE-T1 applications. 10BASE-16 is an automotive data bus which is designed to connect eight nodes over a single twisted-pair cable with lengths of up to 25 meters. The standard nominal data rate is 10 Mbit/s using baseband transmission over one twisted pair in short-range operations. Ethernet connects 100BASE-T1, 1000BASE-T1 , and 10BASE-TS in a multidrop bus topology. It protects automotive Ethernet networks.

10BASE-T1S network includes an ESD protection device at each node; very low capacitance is critical to maintain signal integrity across the bus. The VETH100A1DD1 is specially designed to meet this requirement, offering a capacitance below 1 pF as described in the 10BASE-T1S test specification, making it well-suited for 10BASE-T1S applications while remaining compatible with higher-speed automotive Ethernet standards.

Vishay manufactures one of the world’s largest portfolios of semiconductors and electronic components that are essential to create innovative designs in automotive, industrial, computing, consumer, telecommunications, military, aerospace, and medical markets.

 

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Man one month of waiting for the pcb only for me to fuck up the footprint, what a jolly... submitted by /u/Space_Nerde [link] [comments]

The Union Cabinet approves two more semiconductor projects under the India Semiconductor Mission (ISM) with an investment of more than Rs. 3936 Crore. India’s first commercial Mini/Macro LED display; the facility is based on GaN(Gallium Nitride) Technology and a semiconductor facility. These two approvals are expected to generate more than 2,230 employment opportunities for skilled professionals in Gujarat.

Crystal Matrix Limited (CML) will establish a compound facility semiconductor fabrication. The annual capacity for Mini/Micro-LED display panels is 72,000 sq. meters, and for Mini/Macro LED GaN Epitaxy Wafers is 24,000 sets of RGB wafers. Primarily, these products will be used in large displays for TVs and signage/commercial displays, medium-sized displays for tablets, smartphones, car displays, and Micro displays for Extended Reality(XR) glasses and smart watches.

Suchi Semiconductor Private Limited (SSPL) will set up an Outsourced Semiconductor Assembly and Test(OSAT) facility in Surat, Gujarat, with a production capacity of 1033.20 million chips per annum. The aim is to include power electronics, analog ICs, industrial systems, automotive, industrial automation, and customer electronics.

These two approvals are enhanced by infrastructure support from 315 academic institutions and 104 start-ups across the country. Two projects have already initiated the commercial shipment, and two more are expected to start soon. It would add to the growing world-class chip manufacturing in India.

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Bought a 24GHz radar module to tinker with and, after a few tests and experiments, ended up designing this board to make further testing a bit easier with the eventual aim of designing my own radar system or close! Has been a really enjoyable learning experience so far. Time to start writing some 1’s and 0’s now! submitted by /u/No-Fun1654 [link] [comments]

Ultra-wideband (UWB) has moved well beyond research labs. Driven by IEEE 802.15.4z standardization and integration into smartphones from Apple, Samsung, and Xiaomi, UWB now underpins industrial real-time locating systems (RTLS), consumer keyless entry, and asset management platforms across multiple verticals.

For most of this adoption, time-of-flight (ToF) ranging has been sufficient, delivering approximately 10 cm accuracy in line-of-sight environments by measuring signal round-trip time. But system architects are increasingly moving to angle-of-arrival (AoA) techniques, which resolve the angular direction of a tag without requiring additional anchor nodes. AoA unlocks more efficient infrastructure layouts and opens new use cases in worker safety, autonomous robotics, and automotive access.

The shift exposes a hardware bottleneck that no amount of signal processing can fully compensate for: antenna isolation. AoA positioning relies on comparing the phase of a UWB pulse arriving at two closely spaced antennas.

If those antennas are mutually coupled—that is, insufficiently isolated—their signals contaminate each other. The resulting phase corruption introduces systematic angular errors that propagate directly into positioning accuracy.

Three design challenges facing UWB AoA antenna engineers

1. The –25 dB isolation threshold

Qorvo’s Application Note APH511—the widely referenced industry guide for AoA antenna integration—sets two non-negotiable requirements. Inter-antenna isolation must reach at least –25 dB across the full operating band, and physical antenna separation should be approximately 0.45 times the signal wavelength (λ).

For UWB Channel 9 (centred at ~7.987 GHz), that spacing equates to roughly 16.87 mm. Even at this theoretically optimal separation, raw isolation without dedicated decoupling structures typically falls short. The shortfall allows mutual coupling to corrupt the phase difference of arrival (PDoA) measurement on which AoA computation depends—and angular errors compound with distance.

2. Broadband impedance matching and pulse fidelity

UWB systems transmit sub-nanosecond pulses spanning hundreds of megahertz of bandwidth. An antenna that appears well-matched at a spot frequency can still distort pulse shape if its phase response is non-linear across the band.

Published time-domain evaluations indicate that group delay variation beyond approximately 1 ns degrades ranging accuracy even when return loss (S11) looks clean. Engineers must validate not just impedance matching, but pulse fidelity and group delay flatness—metrics that add complexity to an already demanding design process.

3. Size constraints vs. isolation performance

Industrial IoT tags, wearables, access cards, and consumer devices impose tight dimensional budgets. Conventional approaches to achieving strong inter-antenna isolation rely on enlarged ground planes or external RF filtering networks; both of which are incompatible with compact form factors. The result has been a persistent trade-off: high isolation or small size, but rarely both.

Chip antenna purpose-built for AoA

LK1820201 is an SMD chip antenna engineered specifically to address these barriers. Key specifications are summarized below.

Source: Leankon

Proprietary decoupling architecture

The central innovation is a proprietary decoupling structure that achieves inter-antenna isolation better than –25 dB between two co-located UWB antennas. In practical validation, a dual-antenna AoA array using the LK1820201 and its decoupling element measures –26 dB of isolation across the complete UWB Channel 9 band, confirming that performance holds across the full 6.0–8.5 GHz operating envelope, not just at a single center frequency.

This directly meets—and in practice exceeds—the Qorvo APH511 threshold, providing a solid electrical foundation for phase-coherent AoA computation.

• Ultra-low 0.5 mm profile

At 0.5 mm in height, LK1820201 is among the lowest-profile UWB antennas available in SMD chip format. This enables integration into slim wearables, access badges, compact industrial tags, and consumer devices without compromising mechanical design. Standard SMD reflow mounting eliminates the need for bespoke assembly tooling, reducing manufacturing entry barriers.

• Radiation pattern and power efficiency

Counter-intuitively for positioning applications, a lower peak gain paired with high radiation efficiency is generally preferred over a high-gain directional pattern. High efficiency distributes signal energy across a wide spatial angle, improving coverage at anchor installations and reducing dead zones for tags moving through complex indoor environments.

The antenna’s efficient radiation characteristic also reduces the transmit power burden on the UWB chipset—extending battery life in tags and wearables that must operate over weeks or months between charges.

Application areas

Centimetre-accurate UWB AoA positioning, enabled by high-isolation antenna pairs, is opening deployments across several industries.

• Industrial RTLS and worker safety: In manufacturing plants, logistics hubs, and construction sites, AoA allows a single anchor to resolve not just distance but the angular direction of a tag. This reduces the anchor infrastructure required for full coverage, lowering deployment cost for geofencing, collision avoidance, and emergency mustering systems.
• Healthcare asset tracking: Hospitals require continuous visibility into the location of mobile medical equipment—from infusion pumps to crash carts. UWB delivers the accuracy to track assets to the correct bay or room, without the ambiguity of Bluetooth RSSI-based systems.
• Automotive keyless access: Digital car key implementations use PDoA and AoA to determine whether a smartphone is inside or outside a vehicle—a security-critical distinction that RSSI cannot reliably make. Multi-channel support and high isolation performance are prerequisites for meeting the phase measurement accuracy demands of these deployments.
• Autonomous mobile robots: UWB AoA enables infrastructure-light follow-me navigation on autonomous mobile robot (AMR) platforms. By resolving both range and angle to a worker’s tag from a single onboard antenna pair, a robot can track a target in real time without requiring a fixed anchor network.

Design enablement and engineering support

Selecting a datasheet-compliant antenna is only the starting point. PCB stack-up decisions, ground plane geometry, feed trace routing, and antenna placement relative to metallic enclosures all interact with measured RF performance. Leankon supports the LK1820201 chip antenna with a design enablement program that covers:

• PCB layout recommendations optimized for isolation performance
• Antenna performance simulation services for pre-layout validation
• Mechanical design assistance for antenna placement within enclosures
• Fast prototyping services to accelerate design verification cycles
• Pre-test support for FCC, CE, and regional certification processes

This end-to-end support model reduces the engineering risk of adopting a high-performance UWB antenna and shortens the path from concept to production-qualified hardware.

Why AoA now

UWB angle-of-arrival positioning is a technically compelling evolution from range-only systems, but its precision depends fundamentally on solving the antenna isolation problem. For years, that barrier has limited AoA adoption to designs with generous PCB real estate or expensive external RF filtering.

Chip antenna changes the equation. By achieving better than –25 dB isolation from a 0.5-mm SMD package, supporting all major UWB frequency allocations from a single component, and simplifying BOM complexity for global deployments, it removes the principal hardware barrier to AoA in compact, cost-sensitive devices.

For IoT hardware engineers, RTLS platform developers, and device makers targeting precise indoor positioning, this antenna represents a technically meaningful step toward aligning hardware capability with the precision that modern UWB applications demand.

Chris Zhong, engineering manager at Leankon, leads the global antenna R&D team, overseeing both RF and mechanical design. With over 15 years of antenna design expertise, he specializes in 4G LTE, Bluetooth, 5G and mm-Wave, UWB, NFC, LoRa, and Wi-Fi technologies.

Related Content

• Trends in UWB technology
• Inside UWB design: A tutorial
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• Ultra-wideband antenna arrays–The basics
• Ultra-Wideband Radar in Healthcare: A New Era of Non-Contact Sensing and Monitoring

The post UWB: Why angle-of-arrival positioning hinges on antenna isolation appeared first on EDN.

Op amps tend to make analog design easy. Maybe sometimes too easy?

Don’t get me wrong.  I like operational amplifiers.  Some of my best friends are op amps.  They embrace such a wide range of varied capabilities, including low noise, high power, micropower, zero-drift, RRIO, high speed, etc., that they’re easy to love.  They tend to make analog design easy.  Maybe sometimes too easy?

Wow the engineering world with your unique design: Design Ideas Submission Guide

This design idea applies the ΔVbe temperature measurement principle to make any cheap 3¾ digit digital multimeter with a 300mV range into an accurate, linear, 0.1°C resolution digital thermometer.  As a (hopefully) entertaining exercise, this time it does it without incorporating any op amps.  Here’s how it works.

ΔVbe temperature measurement is described and applied in an app note written by the famed analog design guru Jim Williams. See page 7 (PDF). Williams explains that the ΔVbe/°C effect depends solely on the ratio of applied currents, independent of their absolute magnitudes, and has an amplitude of 198μV per °C per current decade.  198uV=1V/5050, so 198μV/°C per current decade works out to ΔVbe/°C = Log10(Current-ratio)/5050.

Therefore, for any chosen ΔVbe/°C, the required Current-ratio = 10^(5050 Vbe/°C). So if we want ΔVbe/°C = 1mV, the solution couldn’t be simpler.  We “only” need to set Current-ratio = 10^(5050 * 1mV) = 10^(5.050) = 316,228:1.

Yikes!

The challenge, of course, is to achieve such an extreme current ratio. If the high side current were 1mA, then the low side would have to be very (very!) low indeed…like 1mA/316,228 = 3.2nA low.  This would involve Gohm current-setting resistors and circuit impedances in the multi-Mohm range.  So it’s not so simple after all and in fact is very likely impractical—without op amps, that is.

But consider this.  If it’s impractical to get enough ΔVbe signal from a single junction, why not wire N junctions in series and let their signals add up?  For example, if N = 5, then to get the required 1mV/5 = 0.2mV, we only need Current-ratio = 10^(5050 * 200uV) = 10^(1.01) = 10.23.  That ratio is highly practical.  It’s exactly what Figure 1’s circuit does, in fact:

Figure 1 Switch U1a and current mirror Q2Q3 apply an excitation current ratio of 10.23:1 to the 5 sensor transistor series array.  This creates a 5 x 200uV/°C = 1mV/°C AC signal synchronously rectified by U1c.

Circuit details include the D1R6 dummy load that serves to balance the currents passed by the two sides of the U1a switch, thus equalizing Ron voltage losses.  Current mirror aficionados (I’m looking at you, Ashu) will probably wonder how the Q2Q3 mirror, consisting of unmatched transistors with no emitter degeneration, can possibly have an accurate gain ratio?  The answer, of course, is: it doesn’t.  But that’s okay. It doesn’t need one.

Remember that Jim Williams said that the ΔVbe/°C effect depends solely on the ratio of applied currents, independent of their absolute magnitudes.  So the mirror’s gain can vary as it pleases without significantly affecting temperature measurement accuracy. Multivibrator U1b provides ~7kHz timing for synchronous sensor excitation and rectification with a ~33% duty factor.  This takes advantage of the 10x lower sensor array impedance at the high-current side of the excitation square wave.

If a more usual temperature readout in Celsius rather than Kelvin is desired, just plug the minus lead of the DMM into Figure 2 instead of ground, to offset 273K to 0°C:

Figure 2 This precision voltage reference converts Kelvin to Celsius.

Speaking of variations that don’t spoil accuracy, the V+ supply, for example, can vary from 5 to 6 volts without affecting accuracy.  Output impedance is roughly 2k, so variation of output loading by a typical 10M DMM input won’t impact accuracy, either. Who needs op amps, anyway?  (Not a serious question!)

Thanks, Jim!

Stephen Woodward‘s relationship with EDN’s DI column goes back quite a long way. Over 200 submissions have been accepted since his first contribution back in 1974.  They have included best Design Idea of the year in 1974 and 2001.

Related Content 

• ΔVbe + DMM = Celsius, Kelvin, Fahrenheit, and Rankine thermometer
• BJT is accurate sensor for absolute temperature in Kelvin and Rankine
• Temperature compensation with a simple resistance temperature detector
• A temperature-compensated, calibration-free anti-log amplifier

The post ΔVbe thermometer outputs 1mV/°C without calibration or op amps appeared first on EDN.

So this is my latest draft for a railsplitter with low noise that is ment to be an accessorie fir my 60V 5A power supply. You could add 1uF film+100nF ceramic between Q5 and Q6 Collectors, and 100pF on Q1 base to Q1 emitter for lower transients and risk for oscillation. If you parallel 2 tip35c + tip36c you could go around 8-10A unbalanced load with propper cooling. As long as the load is symmetrical then this circuit should be able to handle several amps (Atleast 10A). It might be hard to see but i added a 1000uF 80v electrolytic capacitor 1 uF film 100v and 100 nF ceramic 100V at the input for more stability. Can't say for sure that this works like it's intended as i haven't simulated or built it yet, I just now finnished the schematic, will post the results once i am finnished with it. If it works like intended then it could be a good way to be able to run amplifiers using single rail PSU. And the Voltage/Ampers is limited by what components you use. If you switch the small signal bjt's/drivers to over 100V+ and use mosfets as power stage you could theoretically drive ±50V and 50+ Amps. submitted by /u/Whyjustwhydothat [link] [comments]

Підвищуємо безпеку кампусу КПІ ім. Ігоря Сікорського разом із компанією SHERIFF kpi ср, 05/06/2026 - 13:40

Arrow Electronics (NYSE: ARW) today announced the launch of Digital Test Drive, a cloud‑based remote engineering service that helps technology developers evaluate hardware faster, reduce costs and improve productivity.

Through a secure, private web link, individual users and distributed teams can instantly connect to a pre-set up virtual machine and connect via cloud directly to physical development boards hosted in Arrow’s engineering labs. Users can remotely control evaluation kits, access software environments, run tests and view results in real time. Workshops, training, product demonstrations and live support from Arrow’s technical experts are available.

Digital Test Drive simplifies early‑stage testing and collaboration by helping eliminate common barriers such as kit availability, shipping delays, customs paperwork, platform comparisons, complex setup and software installation, which helps businesses shorten the development cycles and accelerate decision‑making.

“Digital Test Drive helps remove the delays and complexity that slow product development,” said Murdoch Fitzgerald, chief growth officer of global services for Arrow’s global components business. “There’s no shipping, no setup and fewer up‑front costs, just instant access to the tools engineering teams need to work more efficiently.”

Digital Test Drive complements Arrow’s existing Test Drive program that allows customers to borrow physical hardware for on‑site evaluation for up to 28 days.

More information:
Digital Test Drive – Remote Hardware Testing

About Arrow Electronics
Arrow Electronics (NYSE: ARW) sources and engineers technology solutions for thousands of leading manufacturers and service providers. With 2025 sales of $31 billion, Arrow helps enable innovation across major industries and markets. Learn more at arrow.com.

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