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Why does the task of circuit debugging keep getting complex year by year? It’s no longer looking at the schematic diagram and sorting out the signal flow path from input to output. Here is a sneak peek at the factors leading to a steady increase in challenges in debugging electronics circuits. It shows how the intermingled software/hardware approach has made prototyping electronic designs so complex.

Read the full blog on EDN’s sister publication, Planet Analog.

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The post What makes today’s design debugging so complex appeared first on EDN.

From January 5, 2024, please see: “The dangers of light glare from high-brightness LEDs.”

I have just become aware that at least one state has wisely chosen to address the safety issue of automotive headlight glare. As to the remaining forty-nine states, I have not yet seen any indication(s) of similar statutes. Now please see the following screenshots and links:

One question at hand of course is how well the Massachusetts statute will be enforced. What may be on the books is one thing but what will happen on the road remains to be seen.

I am hopeful.

John Dunn is an electronics consultant, and a graduate of The Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn (BSEE) and of New York University (MSEE).

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• The headlights and turn signal design blunder
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• Headlights and turn signals, part two
• LED headlights: Thank goodness for the bright(nes)s

The post Headlights In Massachusetts appeared first on EDN.

Сергій Бойченко: У науці більшість проєктів, що отримують фінансування, повинні мати проривні ідеї, технологічну цінність kpi ср, 07/16/2025 - 16:25

The synthesis of silicon carbide (SiC) requires high temperatures and significant power, posing challenges in reducing the environmental impact of the manufacturing process...

Як народився "РаніоПак": інновація з ароматом хмелю Інформація КП ср, 07/16/2025 - 10:54

Keysight Technologies held its flagship Keysight World Tech Day India on July 8, 2025, at The Leela Palace, Bengaluru, bringing together CXOs, engineers, researchers, and innovators from the electronics and high-tech sectors. The event showcased key technologies shaping the future across multiple industries including telecom, AI, and automotive, offering attendees expert-led sessions, live demonstrations, and in-depth technical tracks designed to accelerate innovation and market readiness in a rapidly evolving technology landscape.

The event also highlighted four key domains shaping the future of technology: 6G and Wireless, AI Infrastructure, Automotive, and AI Networks. Industry experts joined Keysight to explore AI-native 6G networks, THz communication, non-terrestrial networks (NTN), and digital twin-based design for ultra-fast, intelligent connectivity. Experts also discussed advancements in AI infrastructure highlighting compute fabrics, chiplets, optical interconnects, memory, and PCIe Gen7, which are critical enablers of next-gen AI. The automotive segment covered EV battery testing, V2X, autonomous driving, and cybersecurity for smarter mobility and finally AI Networks focused on network emulation, multi-cloud testing, and cybersecurity validation.

Keysight World Tech Day India 2025 brought together professionals from companies working on deep tech offering a unique platform for networking, knowledge sharing, and experiencing next-gen innovations that empower the electronics and high-tech community to stay ahead in a complex ecosystem.

The post Keysight World Tech Day India: Annual Conference Highlights Future-Defining Innovations in 6G, AI, Automotive, and Network Technologies appeared first on ELE Times.

submitted by /u/Linker3000 [link] [comments]

So i have these 230VAC to 5V DC power modules that i took six of and parallel connected the AC side of all six, then i series connected the output of 3 of them 2 times so that I had 2 groups of 3 in series, then i series connected those 2 groups to become this dual rail ±15v Module by using the series connection as ground 0V, negative - on one group became -15V and positive + became +15V. Don't try this if you don't know what you are doing as you can't do this with just any power source and it will burn down your house, zap you, explode possibly harmoni eyes, cause a fire. So don't play with this if you do not know what you are doing. submitted by /u/Whyjustwhydothat [link] [comments]

In collaboration with Gyeonggi-based Wavice Inc, South Korea’s Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI) has developed localization technology for gallium nitride (GaN) monolithic microwave integrated circuits (MMICs) used in transmit/receive modules for military radars and satellites for the first time in Korea using fab-based technology. This is expected to significantly contribute to defense technology self-reliance by enabling the localization of key components not only for military radars but also for high-resolution synthetic aperture radar (SAR) systems...

Integrating ADCs that provide accurate results without requiring a precision integrator capacitor has been around for a long time. A venerable example is that multimeter favorite, the dual-slope ADC. That classic topology uses just one integrator to alternately accumulate both incoming signal and complementary voltage references with the same RC time constant. It thus automatically ratios out time constant tolerance. Slick. 

This Design Idea (DI) will describe a (possibly) new integrating converter that reaches a similar goal of accurate conversions without needing an accurate capacitor. But it gets there via a significantly different route. Along the route, it picks up some advantageous wrinkles.

Wow the engineering world with your unique design: Design Ideas Submission Guide

As Figure 1 shows, the design starts off with an old friend, the 555-analog timer.

Figure 1 Op-amp A1 continuously integrates the incoming Vin signal, thus minimizing noise. Conversion occurs in alternating phases, T- and T+. The T-/T+ phase duration ratio is independent of the RC time constant, is therefore insensitive to C1 tolerance, and contains both Vin magnitude and polarity information.

Incoming signal Vin is summed with the voltage at node X and accumulated by differential integrator A1. A conversion cycle begins when A1’s output (node Y) reaches 4.096 V and lifts timer U1’s threshold pin (Thr) through the R2/R3 divider to the 2.048-V reference supplied by voltage reference Z1. This switches on U1’s Dch pin, grounding A1’s noninverting input through the R4/R5 divider, outputs a zero to the GPIO bit (node Z), and begins the T- phase as A1’s output ramps down. The duration of this T- phase is given by:

T- = R1C1/(1 + Vin/Vfullscale)

Vfullscale = ±2.048v(R1/R6) = ±0.683v

The T- phase ends when A1’s output reaches U1’s trigger (Trg) voltage set to 1.024 V by Z1 and U1’s internal 2:1 divider. See the LMC555 datasheet for the gritty details.

This starts the T+ conversion phase with an output of one on the GPIO bit, and the release of Dch by U1, which drives A1’s noninverting input to 1.024 V, set by Z1 and the R4/R5 divider. The T+ positive-going ramp continues until A1’s output reaches the 4.096 VThr threshold described above and initiates the next conversion cycle. 

T+ phase duration is:

T+ = R1C1/(1 – Vin/Vfullscale)

 This frenetic frenzy of activity is summarized in Figure 2.

Figure 2 Various conversion signals found at circuit nodes X, Y, and Z.

Meanwhile, the GPIO pin is assumed to be connected to a suitable microcontroller counter/time peripheral that is accumulating T- and T+ durations for a chosen resolution and conversion rate. Something between 1 µs and 100 ns should work for the subsequent Vin calculation. This brings up that claim of immunity to integrator capacitor tolerance you might be wondering about.

The durations of the T+ and T- ramps are proportional to C1, as shown in Figure 3.

Figure 3 Black = Vin, Red = T+ duration in ms, Blue = T- duration, C1 = 0.001 µF.

However, software arithmetic saves the day (and maybe even my reputation!) because recovery of Vin from the raw phase duration timeouts involves a bit of divide-and-conquer.

Vin = Vfullscale ((1 – (T-/T+))/(1 + (T-/T+)))

And, of course, when T- is divided by T+, the R1C1 terms conveniently disappear, taking sensitivity to C1 tolerance away with them!

A final word about Vfullscale. The ±0.683 V figure derived above is a minimum value, but any larger span can be easily accommodated by adding one resistor (R8) and changing another (R1). Here’s the scale-changing arithmetic:

R1 = 1M * Vfullscale/0.683

R8 = 1/(1/1M – 1/R1)

 For example, ±10 V is illustrated in Figure 4.

Figure 4 A ±10-V Vin span is easily accommodated – if you can find a 15 MΩ precision resistor.

Note that R1 would probably need to be a series string to get to 15 MΩ using OTS resistors.

Stephen Woodward’s relationship with EDN’s DI column goes back quite a long way. Over 100 submissions have been accepted since his first contribution back in 1974.

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The post Another weird 555 ADC appeared first on EDN.

Analog designers often need matched resistors for their circuits [1]. The best solution is to buy integrated resistor networks [2], but what can you do if the parts vendors do not offer the desired values or matching grade?

Wow the engineering world with your unique design: Design Ideas Submission Guide

The circuit in Figure 1 can help. It is made of two voltage dividers (a Wheatstone bridge) followed by an instrumentation amplifier, IA, with a gain of 160. R3 is the reference resistor, and R4 is its match. The circuit subtracts the voltages coming out of the two dividers and amplifies the difference.

Figure 1 The intuitive solution is a circuit made of a Wheatstone bridge and an instrumentation amplifier.

Calculations show that the circuit provides a perfectly linear response between output voltage and resistor mismatch (see Figure 2). The slope of the line is 1 V per 1% of resistor mismatch; for example, a Vout of -1 V means -1% deviation between R3 and R4.

Figure 2 Circuit response is perfectly linear with a 1:1 ratio between output voltage and resistor mismatch.

A possible drawback is the price: instrumentation amplifiers with a power supply of ±5 V and more start at about 6.20 USD. Figure 3 shows another circuit using a dual op-amp, which is 2.6 times cheaper than the cheapest instrumentation amplifier.

Figure 3 This circuit also provides a perfect 1:1 response, but at a lower cost.

The transfer function is:

Assuming,

converts the transfer function into the form,

If the term within the brackets equals unity and R5 equals R6, the transfer function becomesIn other words, the output voltage equals the percentage deviation of R4 with respect to R3. This voltage can be positive, negative, or, in the case of a perfect match between R3 and R4, zero.

The circuit is tested for R3 = 10.001 kΩ and R4 = 10 kΩ ±1%. As Figure 4 shows, the transfer function is perfectly linear (the R2 factor equals unity) and provides a one-to-one relation between output voltage and resistor mismatch. The slope of the line is adjusted to unity using potentiometer R2 and the two end values of R4. A minor offset is present due to the imperfect match between R5 and R6 and the offset voltage VIO of the op-amps.  

Figure 4 The transfer function provides a convenient one-to-one reading.

A funny detail is that the circuit can be used to find a pair of matched resistors, R5 and R6, for itself. As mentioned before, it is better to buy a network of matched resistors. It may look expensive, but it is worth the money.

Equation 3 shows that circuit sensitivity can be increased by increasing R7 and/or VREF. For example, if R7 goes up to 402 kΩ, the slope of the response line will increase to 10 V per 1% of resistor mismatch. A mismatch of 0.01% will generate an output voltage of 100 mV, which can be measured with high confidence.

Watch the current capacity of VREF and op-amps when you deal with small resistors. A reference resistor of 100 Ω, for example, will draw 25 mA from VREF into the output of the first op-amp. Another 2.5 mA will flow through R5.

Jordan Dimitrov is an electrical engineer & PhD with 30 years of experience. Currently, he teaches electrical and electronics courses at a Toronto community college.

 Related Content

• Design Notes: Matched Resistor Networks for Precision Amplifier Applications
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• The Effects of Resistor Matching on Common Mode Rejection
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• RMS stands for: Remember, RMS measurements are slippery

References

1. Bill Schweber. The why and how of matched resistors (a two part series). https://www.powerelectronictips.com/the-why-and-how-of-matched-resistors-part-1/.
2. Art Kay. Should you use discrete resistors or a resistor network? https://www.planetanalog.com/should-you-use-discrete-resistors-or-a-resistor-network/ .

The post Circuits to help verify matched resistors appeared first on EDN.

Power Integrations Inc of San Jose, CA, USA (which provides high-voltage integrated circuits for energy-efficient power conversion) says that Jennifer A. Lloyd PhD will be its next chief executive officer, succeeding Balu Balakrishnan, who has been CEO since 2002. A former member of Power Integrations’ board of directors, Lloyd has been reappointed to the board. Both appointments are effective from 21 July...

EPC Space LLC of Andover, MA, USA (which provides high-reliability radiation-hardened enhancement-mode gallium nitride-on-silicon transistors and ICs for power management in space and other harsh environments) has announced the EPC7C021 (available now through EPC Space and authorized distributors), a high-performance, three-phase motor demonstration board featuring the radiation-hardened EPC7011L7C eGaN IC. Designed for ease of evaluation and system integration, the EPC7C021 delivers a user-friendly, flexible platform for developing motor drive applications such as reaction and momentum wheels, ion thrusters, robotics and other automation in demanding radiation environments...

Robotic controls started with simplistic direct-current motors. Engineers had limited mobility because they had few feedback mechanisms. Now, neuromorphic chips are entering the field, mimicking the way the human brain functions. Their relevance in future robotic endeavors is unprecedented, especially as electronic design engineers persist through and surpass Industry 4.0.

Here is how to explore real-time controllers and create better robots.

Robotics is a resource-intensive field, especially when depending on antiquated hardware. As corporations aim for greater sustainability, neuromorphic technologies promise better energy efficiency. Studies are proving the value of adjusting mapping algorithms to lower electrical needs.

Implementing these chips at scale could yield substantial power cuts, saving operations countless dollars in waste heat and energy. Some are so successful because of their lightweight materials that they lower usage by 99% with only 180 kilobytes of memory.

The real-time capabilities are also vital. The chips react to event-specific triggers; that’s crucial because facilities managing high demand with complex processes require responsive motor controls. Every interaction is a chance for the chip to learn and adapt to the next situation. This includes recognizing patterns, experiencing sensory stimuli, and altering range of motion.

How neuromorphic chips enable real-time motor control

Neuromorphic models change operations by encouraging greater trust on human operators. Because of their event-driven processing, they move from task to task with lower latency than conventional microcontrollers. Engineers could also potentially communicate with technology using brain-computer interfaces to monitor activity or refine algorithms.

Parallelism is also an inherent aspect of these neural networks that allows robots to understand several informational streams simultaneously. In production or testing settings, understanding spatial or sensory cues makes neuromorphic chips superior because they make decision-making more likely to produce outcomes like a human.

Case studies of the SpiNNaker neural hardware demonstrated how a multicore neuromorphic platform can delegate tasks to different units such as synaptic processing. It validated how well these models achieve load balancing to optimize computational power and output.

Chips with robust parallelism are less likely to produce faulty results because the computations are delegated to separate parts, collating into a more reasonable action. Compared to traditional robotics, this also lowers the risk of system failure because the spiking neurons will not overload the equipment.

Design considerations for engineers

Neuromorphic chips are advantageous, but interoperability concerns may arise with existing motor drivers and sensors. Engineers can also encounter problems as they program the models and toolchains. They may not conventionally operate with spiking neural networks, commonly found in machinery replicating neuron activity. The chips could render some software or coding obsolete or fail to communicate signals effectively.

Experts will need to tinker with signal timing to ensure information processes promptly in response to specific events. They will also need to use tools and data to predict trends to stay ahead of the competition. Companies will be exploring the scalability of neuromorphic equipment and new applications rapidly, so determining various industries’ needs can inform an organization about the features to prioritize.

Some early applications that could expand include:

• Swarm robotics
• Autonomous vehicles
• Cobots
• Brain-computer interfaces

Engineers must feel inspired and encouraged to continue developing real-time motor controls with neuromorphic solutions. Doing so will craft self-driven, capable machinery that will change everything from construction sites to production lines. The applications will be as endless as their versatility, which becomes nearly infinite, considering how robots function with a humanlike brain.

Ellie Gabel is a freelance writer as well as an associate editor at Revolutionized.

 

 

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The post Real-time motor control for robotics with neuromorphic chips appeared first on EDN.

My wiring skills are god awful lol submitted by /u/DryTart978 [link] [comments]

Правила внутрішнього розпорядку гуртожитку студентського містечка kpi вт, 07/15/2025 - 00:00

Más en https://rogerbit.com/wprb/7575 Este tutorial te guiará paso a paso a través del proceso de crear un sistema para controlar un LED RGB mediante Bluetooth, utilizando la plataforma de desarrollo visual App Inventor. App Inventor es una herramienta de desarrollo de aplicaciones móviles que permite a los usuarios crear aplicaciones Android de manera intuitiva y sin necesidad de conocimientos avanzados de programación. submitted by /u/carlosvolt [link] [comments]

Semiconductor characterization and modeling company Incize of Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium and semiconductor materials and IP licensing company Atomera Inc of Los Gatos, CA, USA have announced a strategic collaboration to enhance gallium nitride on silicon (GaN-on-Si) technologies...

In an invited presentation on GaN distributed feedback (DFB) lasers and amplifiers for next-generation high-power devices at the International Congress on Nitride Semiconductors (ICNS-15) in Malmö, Sweden (11–17 July), BluGlass Ltd of Silverwater, Australia has unveiled performance enhancements to its gallium nitride (GaN) lasers, demonstrating what it claims is leading-edge precision...