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congatec’s aReady.IOT software building blocks offer secure IoT connectivity from the company’s aReady.COM computer-on-modules to the cloud. With aReady.IOT, users can focus on their core competencies while congatec simplifies application development, enabling seamless communication and data transfer between systems and devices.

aReady.IOT allows users to remotely monitor, control, and manage their aReady.COM-based applications, connected peripherals, and sensors. These preconfigured blocks support communication via protocols such as OPCUA, MQTT, and REST. Acquired data can be used for maintenance, management, and predictive maintenance. Additionally, data can be processed at the edge for storage and visualization.

Preconfigured modules in aReady.IOT offer a range of scalable services across both application hardware and software layers. The COM Manager, Application Manager, and Fleet Manager each provide unique capabilities to optimize different aspects of the application. Additionally, congatec can offer bi-directional cloud connectivity via the Cloud Connector, supporting services like AWS, Azure, or Telekom Cloud.

aReady.IOT product page 

aReady.COM product page 

congatec

Find more datasheets on products like this one at Datasheets.com, searchable by category, part #, description, manufacturer, and more.

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Version 2.9 of the Aurora embedded FPGA tool suite from QuickLogic enables seamless integration of block RAM (BRAM) and DSP functions. Along with its new BRAM and DSP IP configurator, the software’s place and route tools improve runtime by up to 2 times.

Other upgrades in Aurora 2.9 include custom function support, which enables the instantiation of lookup table (LUT) macros to create custom functions. The release also introduces interactive path analysis within the new GUI, allowing users to debug design timing in greater detail by highlighting critical path routing. This visibility helps users make informed adjustments to improve timing performance.

Aurora’s inferencing feature streamlines the implementation of reconfigurable computing algorithms by automatically adapting BRAM read/write widths, eliminating the need for manual RTL design modifications.

The Aurora eFPGA development tool suite is now available for Windows 10/11 and major Linux distributions, including CentOS, RedHat, and Ubuntu, via a unified Linux installer. The Aurora Pro version supports Synopsys Synplify for logic synthesis.

Aurora product page

QuickLogic

Find more datasheets on products like this one at Datasheets.com, searchable by category, part #, description, manufacturer, and more.

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New variants in the u-blox Nora-B2 Bluetooth LE 6.0 module family integrate Nordic Semiconductor’s entire nRF54L series of ultra-low power wireless SoCs. Offering a choice of antennas and chipsets, these modules consume up to 50% less current than previous-generation devices while doubling processing capacity.

The NORA-B2 series comprises four variants that differ in memory size, design architecture, and price level. Each variant comes with either an antenna pin or embedded antenna.

• NORA-B20 features an nRF54L15 SoC and integrates a 128-MHz Arm Cortex-M33 processor, a RISC-V coprocessor, and an ultra-low power multiprotocol 2.4-GHz radio. It comes with 1.5 MB of NVM and 256 KB RAM.
• NORA-B21, based on an nRF54L10 SoC, is designed for mid-range applications. It has 1.0 MB of NVM and 192 KB of RAM and handles multiple wireless protocols simultaneously, including Bluetooth LE, Bluetooth Mesh, Thread, Matter, Zigbee, and Amazon Sidewalk.
• NORA-B22 employs an nRF54L05 SoC. It is intended for cost-sensitive applications but still provides access to up to 31 GPIOs. It includes 0.5 MB of NVM and 96 KB of RAM.
• NORA-B26, based on an nRF54L10, is designed for customers using the network coprocessor architecture. It comes pre-flashed with the u-blox u-connectXpress software, allowing customers to easily integrate Bluetooth connectivity into their products with no prior knowledge of Bluetooth LE or wireless security.

All NORA-B2 modules are designed for PSA Certified Level 3 security and meet the Bluetooth Core 6.0 specification, including channel sounding for accurate ranging. They also carry global certification, enabling manufacturers to launch products worldwide with minimal effort.

NORA-B20 samples are available now, while NORA-B21 and B22 are in limited evaluation. A pre-release of u-connectXpress for NORA-B26 is available for early adopters.

NORA-B2 product page 

u-blox 

Find more datasheets on products like this one at Datasheets.com, searchable by category, part #, description, manufacturer, and more.

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An intro to RISC-V

As safety-critical systems become increasingly complex, the choice of processor architecture plays an important role in ensuring functional safety and system reliability. Consider an automotive brake-by-wire system, where sensors detect the pedal position, software interprets the driver’s intent, and electronic controls activate the braking system. Or commercial aircraft relying on flight control computers to interpret pilot inputs and maintain stable flight. Processing latencies or failures in these systems could result in unintended behaviors and degraded modes, potentially leading to fatal accidents.

The RISC-V architecture’s inherent characteristics—modularity, simplicity, and extensibility—align with the demands of functional safety standards like ISO 26262 for automotive applications and DO-178C for aviation software. Unlike proprietary processor architectures, RISC-V is an open standard instruction set architecture (ISA) developed by the University of California, Berkeley, in 2011. The architecture follows reduced instruction set computing (RISC) principles, emphasizing performance and modularity in processor design.

RISC-V is set apart by its open, royalty-free nature combined with a clean-slate design that eliminates the legacy compatibility constraints of traditional architectures. The ISA is structured as a small base integer set with optional extensions, allowing processor designers to implement only the features needed for their specific applications.

This article examines the technical advantages and considerations of implementing RISC-V in safety-critical environments.

Benefits for safety-critical industries

Traditional proprietary architectures, such as Arm, have served safety-critical industries well, but challenges around supplier diversity, customization needs, and safety certification requirements have driven interest in RISC-V.

The following sections describe characteristics of RISC-V that make it a viable option for safety-critical development teams.

Architectural independence

One fundamental challenge in developing safety-critical systems is mitigating supply chain risks. Traditional processor architectures require licensing agreements and create vendor lock-in, which impacts long-term system maintainability and cost.

RISC-V’s open model provides several advantages. The ability to work with multiple silicon vendors reduces single-point-of-failure risks in the supply chain. This is particularly important for long-lifecycle applications in aerospace and automotive, where systems may need to be maintained and supported for decades. When using RISC-V, manufacturers expand their options for semiconductor suppliers and development tool ecosystems, providing flexibility in responding to supply chain issues.

Customization to meet safety-critical requirements

RISC-V’s modular design philosophy allows silicon vendors and system architects to implement custom features at the hardware level. This capability helps address specific safety requirements across mission-specific applications certification standards such as:

• Custom error detection and correction.
• Hardware-level monitoring and diagnostic capabilities.
• Low-latency, deterministic execution features for real-time requirements.

Additionally, RISC-V silicon vendors have products supporting harsh environments, such as processors with radiation hardening and electromagnetic pulse (EMP) protection for space applications.

Memory management

One of RISC-V’s distinguishing features is its approach to cache memory management, helping developers of safety-critical applications requiring deterministic behavior. The ability to implement level 2 cache memory mapping as RAM gives developers greater control over system latency, a crucial factor in real-time safety-critical applications.

This capability addresses challenges covered in aviation safety guidelines like EASA AMC 20-193 and FAA AC 20-193. By providing better solutions for cache contention mitigation than traditional architectures, RISC-V supports more predictable execution timing—a critical requirement for safety certification.

Dissimilar redundancy

Safety-critical systems requiring design assurance level A (DAL-A) certification under DO-178C often implement redundancy to protect against common mode failures. RISC-V’s open architecture provides advantages in implementing dissimilar redundancy strategies:

• Implementation of different processor configurations within the same system.
• Diverse redundancy schemes using different vendor solutions.
• Using different architectures in mixed-criticality systems with varying levels of safety requirements.

Performance considerations

While RISC-V may not always match the raw performance metrics of modern Arm implementations, its architecture provides several advantages specific to safety-critical applications. The ability to implement custom instructions and hardware features allows optimization for specific safety requirements without compromising overall system performance.

Key performance-related features include:

• Deterministic execution paths for real-time applications.
• Custom instructions for safety monitoring.
• Efficient context switching for mixed-criticality systems.
• Configurable memory protection units to minimize stack and data corruption.

RISC-V’s development tool ecosystem

Over the years, the maturation of development tools and verification environments for RISC-V has expanded to cover the entire software lifecycle. For example, LDRA’s target license package (TLP) for RISC-V architectures supports development and on-target testing with multi-core code coverage analysis, worst-case execution time (WCET) measurement for AMC 20-193 compliance, requirements traceability, and integration with major RISC-V development platforms. This TLP makes RISC-V ready for safety and security.

Additionally, LDRA is highly integrated with RISC-V environments, supporting dynamic testing with hardware and commercial and open-source simulation environments, including silicon-level simulation. These environments support comprehensive hardware-accurate testing and verification to develop and test software as the hardware is developed.

Industry momentum around RISC-V

A growing number of safety-certified RISC-V IP cores offer designers pre-verified components that meet stringent safety requirements. Microchip, SiFive, CAST, and other vendors have released specialized RISC-V implementations with integrated safety features, fault detection mechanisms, and redundancy capabilities tailored for automotive and aerospace applications. Vendors such as Frontgrade Gaisler add to this with radiation-hardened microprocessors and IP cores for space-based systems.

The mix of industry support, technical guidelines, and certification tools creates a positive feedback loop that accelerates RISC-V adoption in safety-critical systems, making it increasingly attractive for organizations developing next-generation applications.

Jay Thomas, technical development manager for LDRA Technology, San Bruno, Calif., and has worked on embedded controls simulation, processor simulation, mission- and safety-critical flight software, and communications applications in the aerospace industry. His focus on embedded verification implementation ensures that LDRA clients in aerospace, medical, and industrial sectors are well grounded in safety-, mission-, and security-critical processes. For more information about LDRA, visit http://www.ldra.com.

 Related Content

• Standards, tools address coding and application errors in embedded software
• Software development model for the ISO/SAE 21434 standard
• How ‘shift left’ helps secure today’s connected embedded systems
• CES 2021: RISC-V’s journey from experimentation to commercial processors
• Accelerating RISC-V development with network-on-chip IP
• Developing safety critical ASICs for ADAS and similar automotive systems

The post Why RISC-V is a viable option for safety-critical applications appeared first on EDN.

Волонтерка з Німеччини про свій шлях до роботи в КПІ kpi пт, 02/14/2025 - 16:18

Introduction: The Evolution to Industry 5.0 and the Role of Hyper-Accurate Sensors

Industry 5.0 represents the next leap in industrial evolution, emphasizing human-machine collaboration, hyper-connectivity, and AI-driven automation. Unlike Industry 4.0, which focused on full automation and cyber-physical systems, Industry 5.0 integrates human intelligence with advanced technology to achieve greater efficiency, sustainability, and personalization.

At the core of this transformation are hyper-accurate sensors, which provide real-time, high-precision data essential for advanced robotics, AI-driven decision-making, and intelligent manufacturing. These sensors are the backbone of predictive maintenance, digital twins, adaptive production lines, and self-optimizing industrial systems, ensuring unprecedented levels of control, efficiency, and reliability.

Why Hyper-Accurate Sensors Are Critical for Industry 5.0

As manufacturing becomes more sophisticated, the demand for ultra-precise and reliable sensors is at an all-time high. Key drivers include:

• High-Precision Manufacturing – Miniaturization and complex geometries require sensors with nanometer-level accuracy.
• Predictive Maintenance & Self-Healing Systems – Sensors that detect anomalies in real time prevent costly downtime and enable proactive repairs.
• Human-Robot Collaboration (HRC) & Intelligent Automation – Ultra-sensitive sensors ensure safe interaction between humans and machines.
• Autonomous Quality Control & Zero-Defect Manufacturing – AI-driven defect detection improves production efficiency and minimizes waste.
• Sustainability & Energy Efficiency in Smart Factories – Smart sensors optimize energy consumption and reduce environmental impact through adaptive control mechanisms.

Breakthrough Technologies in Hyper-Accurate Sensing for Industry 5.0

1. Quantum Sensors: Unlocking Unprecedented Measurement Precision

Quantum sensors leverage principles of quantum mechanics to achieve unparalleled accuracy in detecting changes in electric, magnetic, or gravitational fields. Applications include:

• Ultra-precise gyroscopes for navigation in GPS-denied environments.
• Magnetometers for non-invasive fault detection in industrial machinery.
• Quantum-enhanced gravimeters for structural health monitoring in factories and critical infrastructure.

2. AI-Enhanced Edge Sensors for Intelligent Decision-Making

Traditional sensors generate raw data, but AI-powered sensors process and analyze this data at the edge, reducing latency and improving response times. Key benefits include:

• Self-learning capabilities to detect micro-level deviations before failures occur.
• Real-time data fusion for complex multi-sensor environments.
• AI-driven self-calibration to enhance long-term accuracy and minimize drift.

3. LiDAR and 3D Vision Sensors for High-Resolution Spatial Awareness

LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) is a critical technology in smart factories, offering:

• Millimeter-accurate object detection for precision robotic manipulation.
• 3D mapping of industrial spaces for dynamic logistics and warehouse automation.
• Precision alignment of micro-components in semiconductor and electronics manufacturing.

4. Piezoelectric and Optical Sensors for Sub-Nanometer Accuracy

Advanced piezoelectric and optical interferometric sensors are redefining precision in industrial applications:

• Sub-nanometer resolution for micro-machining and semiconductor fabrication.
• Non-contact displacement sensing for wear monitoring and material integrity assessment.
• Ultra-fast response times for real-time vibration analysis in high-speed machinery.

5. MEMS and NEMS Sensors for Scalable Miniaturized Accuracy

Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) and Nano-Electro-Mechanical Systems (NEMS) enable:

• Microfluidic sensing for real-time chemical composition monitoring.
• MEMS accelerometers for high-frequency shock and vibration detection in aerospace and defense industries.
• NEMS-based temperature sensors for extreme precision in semiconductor and biotech applications.

Advanced Applications of Hyper-Accurate Sensors in Industry 5.0

1. Predictive Maintenance & Self-Optimizing Machinery

Hyper-accurate sensors detect micro-failures and degradation patterns before catastrophic failures occur, allowing manufacturers to:

• Reduce unplanned downtime by up to 50% through early fault detection.
• Extend machinery lifespan by 30-40% through adaptive maintenance strategies.
• Minimize operational costs by shifting from scheduled maintenance to data-driven predictive servicing.

2. Digital Twins & AI-Powered Real-Time Simulation

A digital twin is a dynamic virtual replica of a physical system, powered by sensor data. Benefits include:

• Continuous real-time performance monitoring for process optimization.
• Virtual simulation of process changes before deployment to mitigate risks.
• AI-driven real-time decision-making for adaptive control of industrial processes.

3. Human-Robot Collaboration (HRC) & Adaptive Safety Mechanisms

For seamless interaction between humans and machines, hyper-accurate sensors enable:

• Proximity detection with sub-millimeter precision to prevent accidents.
• Haptic feedback and force sensing to enhance robotic dexterity.
• Gesture and motion recognition for intuitive human-machine interaction in manufacturing environments.

4. Zero-Defect Manufacturing & Autonomous Quality Control

Advanced sensors revolutionize automated quality inspection with:

• High-resolution optical sensors and X-ray imaging for real-time defect detection.
• AI-driven pattern recognition to identify microscopic production deviations.
• Closed-loop feedback systems that dynamically adjust manufacturing processes to prevent defects in real time.

5. Sustainable Smart Manufacturing & Energy Optimization

Smart sensors contribute to sustainability by:

• Monitoring real-time energy consumption at component and system levels.
• Optimizing heating, cooling, and power distribution for energy efficiency.
• Reducing material waste through precision control and automated resource allocation.

Future Challenges & Research Directions in Hyper-Accurate Sensing

1. Overcoming Data Overload with AI & Edge Computing

With sensors generating terabytes of data per second, real-time processing and intelligent filtering are critical. Future research will focus on:

• AI-enhanced edge computing architectures to reduce latency.
• Neural network-driven anomaly detection for automated decision-making.
• Federated learning models to enable cross-factory data integration without compromising security.

2. Cost & Scalability of Quantum and AI Sensors

While quantum and AI-enhanced sensors offer unmatched precision, their adoption is hindered by high costs and integration complexity. Solutions include:

• Mass-scale nanofabrication for cost-effective sensor production.
• AI model optimization to enable lightweight processing on embedded systems.
• Hybrid sensor architectures that balance cost, accuracy, and efficiency.

3. Cybersecurity & Interoperability in Sensor Networks

With increasing connectivity, sensor networks are vulnerable to cyber threats. Key future developments include:

• Blockchain-secured sensor networks for data integrity.
• Universal communication protocols for seamless cross-industry adoption.
• AI-driven anomaly detection for real-time cyber threat mitigation.

Conclusion: The Future of Industry 5.0 with Hyper-Accurate Sensors

Hyper-accurate sensors are the cornerstone of Industry 5.0, enabling intelligent, efficient, and sustainable industrial ecosystems. As quantum sensing, AI-enhanced analytics, and edge computing converge, we are moving toward a future where factories operate with zero waste, predictive intelligence maximizes uptime, and human-machine collaboration reaches unprecedented synergy. The next decade will witness transformative breakthroughs in sensor technology, shaping the future of smart manufacturing, robotics, and industrial automation.

The post Hyper-Accurate Sensors for Industry 5.0: Transforming Precision and Intelligence in Smart Manufacturing appeared first on ELE Times.

Introduction: The Paradigm Shift in Material Science

Meta-materials have emerged as an innovative class of engineered materials designed to manipulate electromagnetic, acoustic, and thermal waves in unprecedented ways. Unlike conventional materials, whose properties are defined by their chemical composition, meta-materials derive their unique functionalities from carefully structured microscopic architectures. This ability to control wave propagation has opened new frontiers in electronics, enabling advanced antennas, ultra-sensitive sensors, and high-efficiency energy systems. This article explores the principles, latest advancements, applications, and future of meta-materials in electronics.

Fundamental Properties of Meta-Materials

Meta-materials exhibit unique behaviors that do not occur naturally, making them powerful tools for electronic applications. The fundamental properties include:

1. Negative Refractive Index – Meta-materials can bend electromagnetic waves in the opposite direction compared to natural materials, leading to superlenses and improved signal processing in high-frequency circuits.
2. Electromagnetic Bandgap (EBG) Control – They can be engineered to create selective frequency passbands and stopbands, essential for noise reduction and antenna design.
3. Anisotropic Conductivity – The directional control of electrical conductivity enhances circuit efficiency and minimizes power losses.
4. Subwavelength Focusing and Super-Resolution Imaging – Meta-material-based lenses enable imaging systems beyond the diffraction limit, essential for nanoscale electronics and photonics.
5. Reconfigurability and Tunability – Meta-materials can dynamically alter their electromagnetic properties through external stimuli like electric fields, mechanical deformation, or temperature changes.

Applications of Meta-Materials in Next-Generation Electronics

1. Meta-Material-Based Antennas: Redefining Wireless Communication

Meta-material antennas have revolutionized modern communication by offering superior performance in terms of:

• Beam Steering and Beamforming – Adaptive beam control for 5G/6G networks, reducing interference and improving data throughput.
• Miniaturization – Compact, high-efficiency antennas for IoT devices and wearable electronics.
• Enhanced Signal Propagation – Meta-material coatings reduce transmission losses and improve signal strength in urban environments.

2. Ultra-Sensitive Sensors Enabled by Meta-Materials

Meta-materials play a crucial role in the development of next-generation sensors due to their ability to enhance signal detection and sensitivity. Applications include:

• Terahertz Imaging Sensors – Meta-material-based terahertz sensors offer non-invasive, high-resolution imaging for security screening and medical diagnostics.
• Environmental and Chemical Sensors – Highly selective and sensitive sensors for detecting pollutants, gases, and biological agents.
• Wearable Biosensors – Low-power, high-sensitivity sensors integrated into smart textiles for continuous health monitoring.

3. High-Efficiency Electronic Circuits and Power Systems

Meta-materials contribute significantly to the development of energy-efficient electronic systems by optimizing electromagnetic wave interactions. Advancements include:

• Meta-Material Waveguides – Improved signal integrity and reduced transmission losses in high-speed computing.
• Efficient Heat Dissipation Structures – Thermal meta-materials facilitate effective cooling solutions for microprocessors and power electronics.
• Energy Harvesting and Wireless Power Transfer – Meta-material-enhanced resonators improve efficiency in inductive and resonant coupling mechanisms.

4. Quantum Meta-Materials for Next-Generation Computing

The intersection of meta-materials and quantum mechanics is paving the way for advanced computing and sensing technologies:

• Meta-Material Superconductors – Novel superconducting structures for ultra-low-power electronic circuits.
• Photonic Meta-Materials for Quantum Information Processing – Enabling the development of ultra-secure quantum communication systems.
• Meta-Material-Based Quantum Sensors – Providing unprecedented precision in gravitational wave detection and navigation systems.

5. Optical and Display Technologies Enhanced by Meta-Materials

Meta-materials are enabling breakthroughs in next-generation display and imaging technologies:

• Meta-Surface Optics – Flat optical components that replace bulky lenses in AR/VR systems, reducing size and weight.
• Holographic and Transparent Displays – High-efficiency meta-materials enable immersive and transparent display technologies.
• Ultra-High-Resolution Imaging – Meta-material-based superlenses enhance biomedical imaging and industrial inspection.

Recent Technological Breakthroughs in Meta-Materials

1. Programmable and Reconfigurable Meta-Materials

Meta-materials with dynamically adjustable properties are shaping adaptive electronic systems. Key innovations include:

• Electrically Tunable Meta-Surfaces – Enabling real-time beam steering for adaptive radar and LiDAR applications.
• Mechanically Reconfigurable Meta-Materials – Structures that change optical or electromagnetic responses under mechanical stress.
• Smart Meta-Materials – AI-integrated meta-materials that self-optimize based on environmental conditions.

2. Integration of Nano-Meta-Materials with Semiconductor Technologies

Advances in nano-fabrication techniques are allowing seamless integration of meta-materials with semiconductor devices:

• Meta-Transistors – Leveraging meta-material principles for ultra-fast and low-power electronic components.
• Nano-Photonics and Plasmonic Circuits – Ultra-efficient photonic chips utilizing meta-materials for high-speed data transfer.
• Graphene-Based Meta-Materials – Harnessing the exceptional conductivity and flexibility of graphene for futuristic electronic applications.

3. Sustainable and Biodegradable Meta-Materials

The push for environmentally friendly electronics has led to the exploration of sustainable meta-materials:

• Eco-Friendly Dielectrics – Reducing toxic waste in electronic components.
• Self-Healing Meta-Materials – Extending the lifespan of electronic devices through material self-repair mechanisms.
• Recyclable and Bio-Compatible Meta-Materials – Ensuring minimal environmental impact in electronic waste management.

Challenges and Future Directions in Meta-Materials for Electronics

Despite their promising applications, several challenges remain:

• High Fabrication Complexity and Cost – Advanced manufacturing techniques are required for precise structural control at the nanoscale.
• Material Stability and Durability – Long-term reliability of meta-material structures needs improvement for commercial deployment.
• Scalability and Mass Production – Efficient large-scale production processes are needed to bring meta-material-based devices to the mainstream market.
• Regulatory and Standardization Issues – The integration of meta-materials in critical electronic systems requires adherence to safety and performance standards.

Future Outlook: Towards an Intelligent Meta-Material Era

The future of meta-materials in electronics is bright, with potential game-changing innovations:

• AI-Driven Meta-Materials – Materials that self-learn and adapt to optimize electromagnetic performance dynamically.
• Hybrid Meta-Materials and Nanotechnologies – Combining nanotechnology, AI, and meta-materials to create next-generation electronic components.
• Bio-Inspired and Biomimetic Meta-Materials – Mimicking nature’s structures for energy-efficient and high-performance electronic applications.
• Space and Aerospace Applications – Lightweight, ultra-durable meta-materials for advanced communication and defense systems.

Conclusion

Meta-materials are driving the next wave of technological advancements in electronics by enabling unprecedented control over electromagnetic properties. From high-performance antennas and quantum computing applications to AI-driven reconfigurable circuits, these engineered materials hold the potential to reshape the future of technology. As fabrication techniques advance and challenges are addressed, meta-materials will be at the core of next-generation electronic devices, pushing the boundaries of efficiency, miniaturization, and new functionalities.

The post Meta-Materials in Electronics: Revolutionizing Next-Generation Devices appeared first on ELE Times.

The Optical Internetworking Forum (OIF) says that, at the Optical Fiber Communication Conference & Exposition (OFC 2025) in San Francisco, CA, USA (30 March–3 April), 35 member companies are uniting to demonstrate advancements in interoperability tailored to addressing the growing demands of future-oriented data centers, AI/ML technologies and disaggregated systems...

submitted by /u/usgek [link] [comments]

For its fiscal third-quarter 2025 (ended 28 December 2024), Qorvo Inc of Greensboro, NC, USA (which provides core technologies and RF solutions for mobile, infrastructure and defense applications) has reported revenue of $916.3m, down 12.4% on $1046.5m last quarter and 14.7% on $1073.9m a year ago, albeit slightly above the midpoint of the $900m±$25m guidance...

‼️ Гурток "Нестандартні та олімпіадні задачі алгебри та аналізу" kpi чт, 02/13/2025 - 17:40

It probably won't work but I figured I would try, it's a vhf transmitter circuit submitted by /u/mikes550 [link] [comments]

Олександр Данилейко. Складні завдання стимулюють до постійного розвитку kpi чт, 02/13/2025 - 16:58

This design idea revisits another: “PWM power DAC incorporates an LM317.” Like the earlier circuit, this one implements a power DAC by integrating an LM317 positive regulator into a mostly passive PWM topology. It exploits the built-in features of that time-proven Bob Pease masterpiece so that its output is proportional to the guaranteed 2% precision of the LM317 internal voltage reference and is inherently protected from overloading and overheating.

Wow the engineering world with your unique design: Design Ideas Submission Guide

However, unlike the earlier design idea that requires a separate 15v DC power input, this remake (shown in Figure 1) adds a switching input boost preregulator so it can run from a 5v logic rail. The previous linear design also has a limited power efficiency that actually drops below single-digit percentages when driving low voltage loads. The preregulator fixes that by tracking the input-output voltage differential across the LM317 and maintains a constant 3v. This is the just adequate dropout-suppressing headroom for the LM317, minimizing wasted power.

Here’s how it works.

Figure 1 LM317 and HC4053 combine to make a PWM power DAC while Q1 forces preregulator U3 to track and maintain a constant 3v U2 I/O headroom differential to improve efficiency.

As described in the earlier DI, switches U1b and U1c accept a 10-kHz PWM signal to generate a 0v to 11.25v “ADJ” control signal for the U2 regulator via feedback networks R1, R2, and R3. The incoming PWM signal is AC coupled so that U1 can “float” on U2’s output. U1c provides a balanced inverse of the PWM signal, implementing active ripple cancellation as described in “Cancel PWM DAC ripple with analog subtraction.”

Note that R1||R2 = R3 to optimize ripple subtraction and DAC accuracy. This feedback arrangement makes U2’s output voltage follow this function of PWM duty factor (DF): 

Vout = 1.25 / (1 – DF(1 – R1/(R1 + R2))) = 1.25 / (1 – 0.9 DF),

as graphed in Figure 2.

Figure 2 Vout (1.25v to 12.5v) versus PWM DF (0 to 1) where Vout = 1.25 / (1 – 0.9 DF).

Figure 3 plots the inverse of  Figure 2, yielding the PWM DF required for any given Vout.

Figure 3 The inverse of Figure 2 or, the PWM DF required for any given Vout, where PWM DF = (1.111 – 1.389/Vout).

About that tracking preregulator thing: Control of U3 to maintain the 3v of headroom required to hold U2 safe from dropout relies on Q1 acting as a simple (but adequate) differential amplifier. Q1 drives U3’s Vfb voltage feedback pin to maintain Vfb = 1.245v. Therefore (where Vbe = Q1’s emitter-base bias):

Vfb/R7 = ((U2in – U2out) – Vbe)/R6
1.245v = (U2in – U2out – 0.6v)/(5100/2700)
U2in – U2out = 1.89 * 1.245v + 0.6v = 3v

Meanwhile, deducing what Q2 does is left as an exercise for the astute reader. Hint: It saves about a third of a wattage over the original DI at Vout = 12v. 

Note, if you want to use this circuit with a different preregulator with a different Vfb, just adjust:

R7 = R6 Vfb/2.4

In closing…

Thanks must go to reader Ashutosh for his clever suggestion to improve power DAC efficiency with a tracking regulator, also (and especially) to editor Aalyia for her creation of a Design Idea environment that encourages such free and friendly cooperation!

Stephen Woodward’s relationship with EDN’s DI column goes back quite a long way. Over 100 submissions have been accepted since his first contribution back in 1974.

 Related Content

• PWM power DAC incorporates an LM317
• Cancel PWM DAC ripple with analog subtraction
• A faster PWM-based DAC
• Parsing PWM (DAC) performance: Part 1—Mitigating errors
• Cancel PWM DAC ripple with analog subtraction but no inverter
• Parsing PWM (DAC) performance: Part 1—Mitigating errors
• Phased-array PWM DAC

The post Tracking preregulator boosts efficiency of PWM power DAC appeared first on EDN.

Партнерська підтримка Sense Bank kpi чт, 02/13/2025 - 15:23

Sivers Semiconductors AB of Kista, Sweden (which supplies RF beam-former ICs for SATCOMs and photonic lasers for AI data centers) has signed a strategic memorandum of understanding (MOU) with an optical infrastructure firm for large-scale AI workloads for the volume production of high-performance laser arrays...

India’s Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) continues to push the boundaries of indigenous defense innovation, with the DRDO Abhyas standing as a testament to this progress. Abhyas, a High-speed Expendable Aerial Target (HEAT) system, is designed to simulate realistic threat scenarios, providing the Indian Armed Forces with a cutting-edge platform for testing and training. True to its Sanskrit name, which means “practice,” Abhyas plays a crucial role in enhancing combat readiness by replicating aerial threats, enabling the evaluation of missile defense systems and other critical military technologies. Engineered to meet the evolving demands of modern warfare, this advanced UAV underscores India’s commitment to self-reliance in defense technology.

Overview of DRDO Abhyas

The DRDO Abhyas UAV is an expendable, high-speed aerial target that replicates a range of aerial threat profiles. It is an essential tool for training and testing defense personnel and weapon systems. The platform has been developed by the Aeronautical Development Establishment (ADE), a key laboratory under DRDO. The primary objective of Abhyas is to provide a cost-effective and reliable solution to simulate enemy aircraft, cruise missiles, and UAVs during military drills and equipment testing.

Technical Specifications

Abhyas boasts state-of-the-art technology, making it a versatile and efficient platform for defense applications. Key technical features include:

1. Airframe and Propulsion:
   
   • The UAV features a lightweight composite airframe designed for high-speed maneuvers.
   • It is powered by a small gas turbine engine capable of achieving high subsonic speeds, ensuring realistic simulation of aerial threats.
2. Guidance and Navigation:
   
   • Abhyas employs a Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS)-based Inertial Navigation System (INS) integrated with a Flight Control Computer (FCC).
   • This configuration allows the UAV to perform autonomous flight along pre-programmed paths with precision.
3. Launch and Recovery:
   
   • The system utilizes a rocket-assisted take-off mechanism, ensuring a quick and efficient launch.
   • Parachute-based recovery enables the safe retrieval of the UAV after mission completion.
4. Payload Capabilities:
   
   • Abhyas can be equipped with various payloads, including radar cross-section (RCS) augmentation devices, infrared (IR) flares, and electronic warfare (EW) systems, enhancing its ability to mimic diverse threat profiles.

Development and Testing Milestones

The development of Abhyas has been a systematic process involving multiple stages of testing and validation:

• Initial Trials:The first successful trial of Abhyas was conducted in 2012, establishing proof of concept for its design and functionality.
• Subsequent Improvements:Over the years, DRDO has incorporated several enhancements, such as improved booster configurations and advanced augmentation systems for better simulation capabilities.
• Recent Achievements:In June 2024, DRDO conducted six consecutive trials at the Integrated Test Range (ITR) in Chandipur, Odisha. These trials validated the UAV’s endurance, reliability, and operational efficiency. Notably, two back-to-back launches within 30 minutes showcased its readiness for rapid deployment.

Applications in Modern Warfare

Abhyas serves a variety of roles in India’s defense ecosystem:

1. Missile Testing and Evaluation:
   
   • The UAV provides a realistic target for testing surface-to-air missiles (SAMs), air-to-air missiles (AAMs), and other defense systems, ensuring their operational readiness.
2. Training Exercises:
   
   • Abhyas aids in training defense personnel by simulating aerial threats, enhancing their combat preparedness and response strategies.
3. Electronic Warfare Training:
   
   • With its payload versatility, Abhyas can mimic electronic warfare scenarios, helping the armed forces test countermeasure systems.
4. Research and Development:
   
   • The platform’s modularity allows for the integration of experimental technologies, supporting ongoing R&D initiatives in defense.

Advantages of DRDO Abhyas

1. Indigenous Development:
   
   • As an entirely Indian project, Abhyas reduces dependency on foreign technologies and contributes to the ‘Make in India’ initiative.
2. Cost-Effectiveness:
   
   • Being expendable, Abhyas provides a cost-efficient solution for large-scale training and testing exercises without compromising on performance.
3. Operational Versatility:
   
   • Its ability to simulate a wide range of threats makes it adaptable to various defense scenarios.
4. Ease of Deployment:
   
   • The UAV’s rocket-assisted launch and parachute recovery systems ensure quick deployment and turnaround times.

Challenges and Future Prospects

While Abhyas has proven to be a valuable asset, certain challenges remain:

• Limited Endurance:
  • As an expendable system, Abhyas has a limited operational lifespan, necessitating frequent replacements.
• Continuous Upgrades:
  • To stay relevant against evolving threats, the platform requires regular updates in terms of payload capabilities and performance metrics.

Looking ahead, DRDO plans to enhance the Abhyas platform further by integrating advanced artificial intelligence (AI) capabilities and improving its stealth characteristics. These upgrades aim to make the UAV more effective in simulating next-generation threats.

Conclusion

The DRDO Abhyas UAV represents a significant milestone in India’s journey towards self-reliance in defense technology. By providing a robust and flexible solution for testing and training, Abhyas not only strengthens the operational readiness of the Indian Armed Forces but also showcases the country’s capability to innovate in the field of unmanned systems. As DRDO continues to refine and expand the platform’s capabilities, Abhyas is poised to play an even more critical role in safeguarding India’s national security.

The post DRDO Abhyas Pioneering India’s High-Speed Aerial Target Technology appeared first on ELE Times.

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The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) of India has been at the forefront of developing indigenous unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) to enhance the nation’s defense capabilities. A notable addition to this endeavor is the Archer UAV, a progression from the earlier Rustom series, tailored for both surveillance and combat roles.

Developmental Background

The Archer UAV is an evolution of the Rustom-1 platform, which was initially designed for intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR) missions. Recognizing the need for a more versatile UAV capable of engaging in combat operations, DRDO initiated modifications to the Rustom-1, leading to the development of the Archer. This transformation began in mid-2022, focusing on equipping the UAV with weapon systems suitable for precision strikes.

Technical Specifications

The Archer UAV boasts impressive operational capabilities:

• Altitude: Capable of operating at altitudes up to 22,000 feet, allowing it to conduct missions above most ground-based threats.
• Endurance: With an endurance of 12 hours, it can perform extended missions without the need for frequent returns to base.
• Range: The UAV has a range of 220 kilometers, enabling it to cover substantial areas during operations.
• Payload Capacity: Designed as a multi-payload configurable system, the Archer can be equipped with various sensors and weaponry tailored to specific mission requirements.
• Autonomy: It features autonomous take-off and landing capabilities, even on short, semi-paved runways, enhancing its operational flexibility.

These specifications underscore the Archer’s versatility in both ISR and combat roles.

Weaponization and Combat Capabilities

A significant advancement in the Archer’s design is its weaponization. The UAV has been modified to carry out armed missions, with the integration of weapon systems such as the Smart Anti-Airfield Weapon (SAAW) and Anti-Tank Guided Missiles (ATGMs). These modifications enhance its capability to perform precision strikes, making it a formidable asset in combat scenarios.

Archer-NG: The Next Generation

Building upon the success of the Archer, DRDO has developed the Archer-NG (Next Generation), a Medium-Altitude Long-Endurance (MALE) UAV. The Archer-NG features a single-engine, twin-boom pusher configuration and is designed to meet the specifications of the now-downgraded TAPAS program (previously known as Rustom-II). It shares common avionics, software, Ground Control Station (GCS), and Ground Data Terminal (GDT) with TAPAS, ensuring compatibility and reducing developmental redundancies.

The Archer-NG has an all-up weight of 1,700 kg and can carry up to 400 kg of payload, making it a versatile platform for armed missions. Its roles include Intelligence, Surveillance, Target Acquisition, and Reconnaissance (ISTAR), artillery target acquisition, battlefield post-strike assessment, and precision strikes. The UAV is equipped with an indigenous Ground Control Station capable of operating 6-7 UAVs simultaneously.

Manufacturing and Deployment

In a significant move towards bolstering India’s indigenous defense manufacturing capabilities, Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL) has been selected to manufacture 20 Limited Series Production (LSP) units of the Archer UAV. These units are slated for delivery to the Indian Army and Indian Air Force for user trials. The initial four units will be utilized for air-to-surface missile fire testing, with plans to integrate various weapon systems upon successful trials.

Future Prospects

As of latest, the Archer-NG has completed high-speed taxi trials, with its maiden flight anticipated in February 2025, likely before the Aero India 2025 airshow at Yelahanka Air Force Station. The weaponized variant is expected to be completed within the next three years, with plans to integrate laser-guided rockets, bombs, and loitering munitions with ranges up to 100 km. The prototype is currently powered by an Austro Engine E4 powerplant inherited from the TAPAS-BH-201 program. However, two indigenous UAV engines of 180hp and 220hp are being developed by the Vehicle Research and Development Establishment (VRDE) to further enhance its capabilities.

Conclusion

The DRDO Archer UAV represents a significant milestone in India’s pursuit of self-reliance in defense technology. Its development from a surveillance platform to a weaponized UAV underscores the nation’s commitment to enhancing its aerial combat capabilities. With the upcoming advancements in the Archer-NG variant, India is poised to strengthen its position in the global UAV landscape, showcasing the prowess of its indigenous defense research and development.

The post DRDO Archer UAV: Advancing India’s Indigenous Combat Drone Capabilities appeared first on ELE Times.

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