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Couple of years ago I designed the STM32 Nucleo F303 based control boxes, for students to learn C coding on. Multiple of my designs replaced very old, outdated designs, originally made in 2001-2002. I was looking for the ways to improve it, and also, my colleague is not that willing to learn of its assembly, so I looked how to simplify it and came up with custom shield PCB for Nucleo, routing around the pins I will need only. Once fully assembled I think it will look better than current version. submitted by /u/Peekabrrrrrr34 [link] [comments]

Choosing the right mouse can truly transform one’s working, gaming, or creative process. Be it accurate gaming or simple productivity, a dependable mouse increases lure editing speed, comfort, and efficiency. Here is a detailed look at the top ten mouse brands in the U.S, including their salient features, flagship models, and unique technology.

1. Logitech

Logitech, headquartered in Newark, California, can probably be considered the industry leader in both productivity and gaming mice. The company focuses on ergonomic office designs and high-performance gaming equipment. Popularly, the MX Master 3S is used by professionals, while gamers prefer the ultra-light G Pro X Superlight. Technologies present in Logitech include the HERO sensor, the Logi Bolt wireless connection, and the MagSpeed scroll wheel, all of which ensure pinpoint accuracy and speed, with an easy transition from work to play.

2. Razer

Razer is a household name among the laymen in the games. The company has set up shop in designing outright high-DPI, ultra-responsive competitive gaming mice for esports and competitive use. With features like Focus Pro 30K Optical Sensor and HyperSpeed Wireless technology, popular models like the DeathAdder V3 Pro and Basilisk V3 provide professional-level gaming with lightning-fast performance and haptic accuracy.

3. Corsair

Located in Fremont, California, Corsair is the very first company in this space to manufacture gaming mice that combine pure performance with extreme levels of customization. Its best-sellers include the Dark Core RGB Pro and M65 RGB Ultra, both incorporating Slipstream Wireless technology and optical switches. Corsair also provides its customers with the iCUE software with which they can alter DPI, lighting, and macros for a truly immersive gaming experience.

4. SteelSeries

SteelSeries has set up shop in Chicago, Illinois, to make its mark in the e-sports and competitive gaming world. The company usually designs the ultralight and fast mice such as the Aerox 3 Wireless and Rival 5 that feature TrueMove sensor technology and Quantum 2.0 Wireless, respectively. These provide near-zero latency and waterproof designs for situations in which games are being played at breakneck speeds.

5. HP

Based in Palo Alto, California, HP produces a vast stock of budget-class, workhorse-type mice. These are great for productivity and basic office work. Popular models, such as the HP 930 Creator Wireless Mouse and HP X3000, feature multi-device Bluetooth connectivity and silent click design, making them well-suited for every day use and professional environments.

6. Microsoft

Based out of Redmond in Washington, Microsoft concentrates on business-grade and ergonomic mice running seamlessly in the Windows ecosystem. The company’s best models such as the Microsoft Arc Mouse and Surface Precision Mouse work best with their BlueTrack sensor and for a hassle-free working experience with Surface devices and Windows-based PCs.

7. Glorious

Born and raised in Dallas, Texas, Glorious is the new rising star in high-performance gaming mice. Famous for their ultra-light honeycomb designs, the brand offers the best models on the market like the Model O and Model D Wireless. Powered with the BAMF sensor and Ascended Cord to reduce drag and maximize responsiveness, they are favorites among FPS gamers.

8. ASUS ROG

Located in Fremont, California, the ROG division of ASUS will offer you high-end gaming mice where style meets its cutting-edge hardware. ROG AimPoint sensor powers several recognized ROG models, like the ROG Gladius III and Chakram X, with push-fit switch sockets to enable customizable click resistance, thus appealing to gamers who demand precision and flexibility.

9. Cooler Master

Cooler Master, based up in Chino, California, makes gaming and everyday-use mice with a focus on price-to-performance ratio. Bestsellers like the MM731 and MM720 are equipped with Ultraweave cables, PTFE feet, and RGB lighting customizable to gamers who like the idea of having something lightweight and really nice-looking for a reasonable price.

10. Dell

Dell, headquartered in Round Rock, Texas, makes reasonably durable and efficient mice for office use and home use. Because these mice, including the Dell MS7421W and Dell WM126, are known for their long battery life, multi-OS support, and plug-and-play experience, these are the ideal companions of any business amateur as well as students.

Brand Comparison:

Brand	Use Case	Key Model	Sensor Type	DPI Range	Connectivity
Logitech	Productivity & Gaming	MX Master 3S / G Pro X	HERO Sensor	Up to 25,600	Wireless/Bluetooth
Razer	Esports Gaming	DeathAdder V3 Pro	Focus Pro 30K	Up to 30,000	HyperSpeed Wireless
Corsair	Custom Gaming	M65 RGB Ultra	PixArt PAW3393	Up to 26,000	Wireless
SteelSeries	Competitive FPS	Aerox 3 Wireless	TrueMove Core	Up to 18,000	Wireless/USB-C
HP	General Office	HP 930 Creator	Optical Sensor	Up to 4,000	Bluetooth/USB
Microsoft	Business Use	Surface Precision	BlueTrack	Up to 3,200	Bluetooth/USB
Glorious	Lightweight Gaming	Model O Wireless	BAMF Sensor	Up to 19,000	Wireless/USB-C
ASUS ROG	High-End Gaming	Chakram X	ROG AimPoint	Up to 36,000	Wireless/USB
Cooler Master	Budget Gaming	MM731	PixArt PAW3370	Up to 19,000	Wireless/USB
Dell	Office Use	MS7421W	Optical Sensor	Up to 3,000	Wireless

Conclusion:

The top 10 mouse brands that U.S. can provide comprises a diverse selection for every need, be it gaming, office, or hybrid. Brands like Logitech and Razer are in the forefront with innovative, feature-laden models, while the likes of HP, Microsoft, and Dell provide tried and tested solutions for productivity.

The post Top 10 Mouse Brands in USA appeared first on ELE Times.

A grand study conducted by the Centre for Development Studies (CDS) reiterates the major talking point all through the mobile ecosystem: India had soared further into the elite international group of suppliers of mobile phones and was positioned as the third-largest exporter of mobile phones in the world, with exports worth around US $20.5 billion during the calendar year 2024.

The Meteoric Rise: From Dependent on Imports to Export-Driven Power:

Six years ago, in 2017-18, India was exporting a mere amount of US $0.2 billion worth of mobile phones. By 2024, this figure has crossed the $24 billion mark marking an astonishing almost 11,950 per cent increase. Such explosive growth coincided with India moving from being a player in domestic manufacturing only to a scale export-led manufacturing partner in the bigger global arena.

Government encouragement and production-related incentives:

Key to this change is the Production-Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme floated in 2020 and implemented ever since. Since then, this bold policy has largely helped the foreign Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) and contract manufacturers to invest in local facilities and infrastructure. So, we have a big-scale output and a robust integration into global value chains (GVCs).

Multi-layered domestic value addition stood out as a strong trend. Direct value for production of mobiles has seen an almost 283% rise from US $1.2 billion in FY 2016–17 to about US $4.6 billion in FY 2019–20. Even more impressive has been the growth in indirect value addition upstream supply chains by 604%, from US $470 million in FY 2016–17 to about US $3.3 billion in FY 2019–20.

With this economic growth came a greater occasion for employment: Further estimates indicate that more than 1.7 million direct and indirect jobs were linked to mobile production in 2022–23, and the number of export-related jobs rose at an astounding 33-fold. Wages too are rising, thanks to growing high-skill jobs in export-oriented units.

Global Trade Strategic Development:

India now ranks third in the mobile phone exports after China and Vietnam, having achieved exports worth nearly US $20.5 billion in 2024. World’s Top Exports data suggests that India exported 7.1% of global mobile exports in 2024, amounting to US $20.48 billion an increase of 585% compared to 2020.

This is in consonance with the CDS findings, positing India as a major exporting hub for mobiles. Contract manufacturing for brands such as Apple, Samsung has further accelerated exports, while the competitive ecosystem consisting of the likes of Foxconn, Wistron, Pegatron, and Dixon Technologies leads to high-volume outputs.

Conclusion:

The mobile export surge in India is more than just headline numbers; it means a structural global competitiveness transformation, portraying how policy-driven incentives together with industrial ecosystems can facilitate a rapid climb. With this blueprint led by mobiles now gaining momentum, other electronics floors such as laptops, networking equipment, and consumer electronics are ready to replicate the success, taking India one step further into becoming a global manufacturing powerhouse.

Governed jointly by the Centre for Development Studies and the Indian Cellular and Electronics Association (ICEA), the report intends to provide a clearer understanding of the effect of government policies on India’s electronics manufacturing sector.

The post Study Finds India’s Mobile Exports Surge to $20.5 Billion, Ranking 3rd Globally appeared first on ELE Times.

Shipping in PCBs has become extremely ecpensive where I live unless you buy in bulk...tried my hand at etching PCBs to develop prototypes...nice to be able to do this...ofc not having multiple layers adds lots of limitations, but I can see myself testing out new chips or designing my owm modules in an afternoon... submitted by /u/Separate-Choice [link] [comments]

I built a thing. See gallery* 3KW 15-170VDC Programmable H-bridge driver. With adjustable Duty, Frequency (250Hz - 160KHz), and deadtime. ESP32 for the controller SSD1306 I2C 128x64 OLED Display 74AHCT125 Logic level converter and output control IR2110 x2 hi/lo gate drivers IRFP260N MOSFETS x4 Artic Cooling AM3 cooler from the junk drawer 15-150VDC to 12V DC-DC converter module - for gate driver ICs and active cooling 7-40VDC to 5V DC-DC converter module - for esp32, display and logic converter PWM thermo fan controller module Lots of various TVS diodes, some ferrite beads, the usual caps and resistors, and a handful of tactile buttons. As the controller is a ESP32, it can be re-flashed depending on what we are trying to blow up today. Inverting (Arcs/induction heating/Switching transformers) - Flyback (More sparks) - Half-Bridge - Motor Controller (zoomzoom) Obviously the first thing to try is big arcs with Aliexpresses finest £6 'wind yer own primary' HV transformer for about 35KV output from a 35V 10A draw. (If I tune it in just right I get u/130V peak to peak in the tank) https://www.youtube.com/shorts/37gKJzHNFdA Next was an induction heater, worked well at 90KHz and a 5 turn coil and 4uF in the tank, drawing 15 or so amps at 30V will turn bolts into LEB's... Didn't play much with the induction heater on the bench though, as the fields play havoc with anything in range. PC crashes, monitors glitch, and unconnected multimeters showing random voltages. Building the hardware was simple enough: check datasheets and assemble. I didn't make a diagram as I had a fair idea of what I wanted in my head, so I then just let my hands finish the job. The firmware is another matter. Having never played with any of these little controller chips before, or tackled any kind of coding bar a few websites, it. was. a. challenge. I found that if I were patient, the freebie chatGPT gave me a hand with bits as long as I didn't ask too many questions in a short timespan (using that was another frustrating experience in itself ha). I got there in the end though with... * Complimentary PWM output (using a synced GPIO pin for resyncs across the legs, as for some reason the ESP32 will fall out of phase occasionally when adjusting the frequency) * Full frequency control on the fly * Duty control with min/max limiter * Switching deadtime control (with frequency-related limiter) * 2 stacks of resistor ladder buttons Yet to do Polish and combine firmwares and add a mode of operation menu (argh). Add current sensing, so it can scan frequencies for the sweet spot of transferring energy. (some hardware tweaks and more arghhh) Large capacitor bank sitting at the input (as my power supply is not enjoying the huge pulse currents much) More TVS diodes when I can find some that don't come with 30 quids worth of 'handling fees' T'was fun to make, a steep learning curve to program, and great entertainment when built. Mates enjoyed the firework show with the big arcs, jacobs ladder, and the odd game of 'how short a rollie can I light off the arc' , while I enjoyed getting some rusty as shit bolts undone, and watching people with short rollies fall out of seats. All in all, it cost me about £40 or thereabouts. 10/10 - would make again. *Bonus photos include late night shed visitors submitted by /u/RollingWithTheTimes [link] [comments]

The new demonstrator offers a complete hardware development solution with a GaN power stage for three-phase, radiation-exposed motor drive systems.

Візит делегації Японського агентства міжнародного співробітництва kpi чт, 07/24/2025 - 22:49

NUBURU Inc of Centennial, CO, USA — which was founded in 2015 and developed and previously manufactured high-power industrial blue lasers — says that NYSE American LLC has accepted its plan to regain compliance with continued listing standards, granting an extension through 29 October 2026...

Honestly... What is wrong with people?!? My first thought: oh well the pictures text is probably in german or something. But once you realize you can't unsee it. I can understand opinion content being written with AI, gosh, I wouldn't even mind if co-workers sprinkled AI on their emails, but dude, safety stuff? My goodness... https://pidora.ca/safe-gpio-power-methods-that-wont-fry-your-raspberry-pi/ submitted by /u/ferminolaiz [link] [comments]

Intelligent power and sensing technology firm onsemi of Scottsdale, AZ, USA has expanded its existing multi-year collaboration with Germany-based motion technology company Schaeffler (formerly Vitesco Technologies) through a new design win that leverages onsemi’s next-generation EliteSiC product line of silicon carbide MOSFETs. The onsemi solution will power the Schaeffler traction inverter for a leading global automaker’s plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) platform...

Early in my engineering career, I worked with a couple of colleagues on an outside project. We had a concept for a security system for gaming arcades. At the time, arcades were very popular, hosting games like Pac-Man, Space Invaders, and Pinball. One of the business problems, though, was the theft of coins from the gaming machines. Apparently, when staff members were emptying the coin boxes, they would pocket a handful of coins. Theft in these arcades was said to be around 25%.

Do you have a memorable experience solving an engineering problem at work or in your spare time? Tell us your Tale

Our concept for preventing these thefts was a device that consisted of two parts. One micro-based device was installed in each of the arcade games. This counted the coins as they entered the slot. Then, periodically, the total coin count and game ID were transmitted, via the power line, to the back office. In the back office was the receiver. It monitored the power line and collected all the transmissions from the various games. This back-office device was also connected to a telephone landline, and once a day, the central office would call into the back-office device to have the daily data sent to it. The hand count of coins could then be reconciled with the electronic coin count from all the machines.

My colleagues and I divided up the work, with one doing the schematic and PCB prototypes. Another did the enclosures, labeling, etc. I did the firmware for the two pieces of equipment. After many months of evening work, we had a system that performed just as we expected. We also got a test site identified to install a complete system. As the arcade was more than 1000 miles away, we had someone at the other end install the system. After a few days, we got a call from the arcade operator telling us the office device would not answer the phone call into it. The hardware design was rechecked to see if the opto-isolator, signaling the firmware of a high voltage on the ring line, was designed correctly to take into account lower-level ring voltages—no issue there. This issue fell on me as it appeared to be a firmware issue. I tested my firmware dozens of times with various changes using an actual landline—it always worked. After many days of testing, I announced that I could not find any issues.

As a last resort, we had the hardware engineer fly to the arcade site with a raft of test equipment. After only a few hours, he called and said he had found the issue. The standard for ringing for a landline is defined by ANSI T1.401-1988 section 5.4.2, which I followed for the firmware. According to this standard, the ring cadence consists of 2 seconds of ringing followed by 4 seconds of silence. The phone system, in the town where the arcade was, followed this…sort of. During the ring, there was a short dropout ( about 80 ms, if I remember correctly). So, what the firmware saw was about 1 second of ring, no ring for 80 ms, then 920 ms of ring, and then 4 seconds of silence. The firmware, noting that the ring was only one second long, determined that it wasn’t a valid ring and therefore wouldn’t answer. The discovery of the issue was long, difficult, and expensive. The fix was easy to implement in firmware. After updating the firmware, the arcade system worked very well (we never got rich off it, though…another, non-technical, story).

The takeaway here is not how to construct landline phone answering firmware; those days are long gone. But the lesson here is that when you have an issue, suspect everything. We continued to have discussions on why the system would not answer the phone when we knew it was sensing the ring. We never thought that maybe the cadence, defined by an ANSI standard, would not be correct. Why the town’s telephone ring system had an 80 ms gap was never discovered, but it obviously didn’t meet the spec. So, if you can’t find a problem in your device, maybe it’s the other device(s) you’re connecting to. And at that point, the other system needs to be checked against its specs.

Damian Bonicatto is a consulting engineer with decades of experience in embedded hardware, firmware, and system design. He holds over 30 patents.

Phoenix Bonicatto is a freelance writer.

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The post When a ring isn’t really a ring appeared first on EDN.

With its E1 processor announced today, Efficient Computer is hoping to usher in a new era of general-purpose computing efficiency.

Stepped on this lm324 and it burrowed into my foot. People complain about lego but try being impaled by a quad op amp.... submitted by /u/Whyjustwhydothat [link] [comments]

Micro-LED display startup Q-Pixel Inc of Los Angeles, CA, USA has debuted Q-Transfer technology, which directly addresses the pixel transfer challenge long faced by the micro-LED display industry...

Introduction:

From basic timepieces to advanced wearables that improve daily life, smartwatches have undergone significant development. With features like heart rate monitoring, fitness tracking, smart notifications, and GPS navigation, smartwatches combine technology and fashion. Users of some models may even browse apps, send messages, and make calls right from their wrists. This article delves into 10 top smartwatch brands found in the German market.

1. Apple

Apple Inc. is an American multinational corporation that operates a technology company with its headquarters in Cupertino, California, USA. Apple offers a wide variety of devices like iPhone, iPad, MacBook, Apple Watch, and AirPods. Apple smartwatches are advanced wearable products that provide a combination of health monitoring, fitness functions, and easy connectivity. They comprise LTPO, OLED Retina displays, health monitoring, heart rate monitoring, sleep monitoring, and temperature sensing. Apple Watches feature activity rings, exercise workouts, GPS functionality, and water resistance. Newer versions are powered by Apple Silicon processors to provide improved performance.

2. Garmin

Garmin is a popular brand dealing in GPS technology and smartwatches. It has its business headquarters in Olathe, Kansas, USA. Garmin smartwatches are made for sporty types and outdoor enthusiasts, with features like AMOLED screens, heart rate monitoring, stress tracking, sleep monitoring, Pulse Ox measurement, and a wide variety of sports apps.  The vivoactive 6, for instance, boasts up to 11 days of battery life, while the Swim2 is designed for swimmers with GPS tracking and water resistance.

3. Samsung

Samsung is a South Korean multinational company with its base in Seoul, South Korea. Samsung offers a range of smartwatches dedicated to fitness tracking, health evaluation, and productivity improvements. The Samsung Galaxy Watch 7 comes in a 47 mm titanium case, a 3nm chipset and a 590mAh that is military-grade durable. The Samsung Galaxy Watch5 comes with a 1.4-inch Super AMOLED display and Exynos W920 processor. The different variants all offer unique features that address multiple tastes whether regarding style, health, or the convenience of day- to day needs.

4. Google

Google is an American multinational technology firm based at the Googleplex in Mountain View, California, U.S. It was established I 1998 by Larry Page and Sergey Brin. It has added a number of products such as Google Maps, Gmail, Chrome, Pixel devices, and Wear OS smartwatches to its portfolio over the years. Google sells smartwatches in its Pixel Watch series, which is based on Wear OS. The current models are the Pixel Watch 3, with AMOLED screens, 24 hours of battery life, Wear OS 5.0, and Fitbit-based health monitoring2. Google is also introducing Gemini AI to Wear OS smartwatches, overwriting Google Assistant with a superior AI-based assistant.

5. Fitbit

Fitbit is an American wearables technology company based in San Francisco, California, U.S. Founded in 2007 by James Park and Eric Friedman, Fitbit emerged as a fitness tracking device leader before it was acquired by Google in 2021. The company deals in smartwatches and activity trackers to track heart rate, sleep, steps, and general health parameters. Fitbit smartwatches, including the Versa 4, Sense 2, and Charge 6, come with AMOLED screens, onboard GPS, heart rate tracking, SpO2 monitoring, and stress management features.

6. Huawei

Huawei is a Chinese multinational technology firm headquartered in Shenzen, China. Huawei was established in 1987, and it deals I telecommunications, consumer electronics, and intelligent devices, such as smartphones and smartwatches. Models in the brand’s smartwatch series are the Huawei Watch Ultimate, which comes with a 1.5-inch LTPO AMOLED display, ECG monitoring, depth sensor and 10 ATM water resistance. Huawei smartwatches is recognised for their long battery life, AI driven health features, and high-end driven health features, and high-end designs, which make them favoured by fitness enthusiasts and tech-conscious consumers.

7. Polar

Polar is a Finnish company headquartered in Kempele, Finland, specializing in sports technology and fitness tracking. Founded in 1977, Polar known for its heart rate monitors, GPS sports watches, and advanced training analytics. The Polar Vantage V2 features a 1.2-inch AMOLED display, wrist-based heart rate monitoring, GPS, and advanced recovery tracking. The Polar Grit X Pro, built for outdoor adventures, offers military-grade durability, route guidance, and weather tracking. Polar smartwatches integrate AI-powered training recommendations, long battery life, and advanced sports metrics, making them ideal for fitness enthusiasts.

8. Suunto

Suunto is a Finnish-based company with headquarters in Vantaa, Finland, which deals in sports watches, dive computers, and precision instruments. It was founded in 1936 and has a reputation for producing strong outdoor smartwatches for athletes, adventures, and fitness enthusiasts. Suunto is an OS-based smartwatch with more than 70 sport modes, wrist-based heart rate, free offline outdoor maps, and Google Fit integration. Suunto smartwatches are designed for harsh conditions, with prolonged battery life, sophisticated fitness tracking, and outdoor navigation features.

9. Fossil

Fossil is an American fashion and accessory company with its headquarters in Richardson, Texas, U.S. Established in 1984, Fossil became famous for its fashionable watches, leather accessories, and smartwatches. The Fossil Gen 6 comes with a 1.28-inch AMOLED screen, Snapdragon Wear 4100+ processor, Bluetooth calling, GPS, and Spo₂ monitoring. The Fossil Gen 5 LTE includes a 45mm AMOLED screen, Android support, and LTE connectivity. Fossil smartwatches include Wear OS, watch faces, and fitness tracking, giving them a fashion-forward yet functional option.

10. Withings

Withings is a French consumer electronics firm based in Issy-les-Moulneaux, France. Established in 2008, Withings deals in health-oriented smart devices. Such as smartwatches, fitness trackers, and medical-grade wearables. Withings smartwatches put together medical-grade health monitoring, extended battery life and chic designs, presenting a perfect package for those desiring both fashion and functionality. ScanWatch horizon has a rotating stainless-steel bezel. ECG monitoring, Spo₂ tracking and 30-day battery life. ScanWatch is a clinically tested hybrid smartwatch with heart rate monitoring, sleep tracking, and a PMOLED display.

Specification:

Brand	Key Model	Display	Health Features	Battery Life	OS/Processor	Speciality
Apple	Watch Series 9	LTPO OLED Retina	Heart, sleep, temp, ECG	~18 hours	Apple Silicon	Seamless iOS integration
Garmin	vivoactive 6, Swim2	AMOLED / transf.	HR, sleep, Pulse Ox, stress	Up to 11 days	Proprietary OS	Sports,Outdoor GPS
Samsung	Galaxy Watch7/5	Super AMOLED	HR, sleep, body comp, ECG	40-80 hours	Exynos W920, 3nm chip	Military-grade build
Google	Pixel Watch 3	AMOLED	Fitbit health suite	~24 hours	Wear OS 5.0 + Gemini AI	Google ecosystem
Fitbit	Versa 4, Sense 2	AMOLED	HR, SpO₂, stress, sleep	6+ days	Fitbit OS	Affordable fitness
Huawei	Watch Ultimate	LTPO AMOLED	ECG, depth, sleep, HR	~14 days	HarmonyOS	Long battery + AI health
Polar	Vantage V2, Grit X	AMOLED	HR, GPS, recovery, weather	7+ days	Proprietary OS	Athletes, analytics
Suunto	Suunto 9 Peak Pro	AMOLED	HR, 70+ sport modes, GPS	~14 days	Proprietary OS + Google Fit	Extreme outdoors
Fossil	Gen 6, Gen 5 LTE	AMOLED	HR, SpO₂, fitness tracking	~24 hours	Snapdragon Wear 4100+	Fashion + Wear OS
Withings	ScanWatch, Horizon	PMOLED hybrid	HR, ECG, SpO₂, sleep	Up to 30 days	Proprietary hybrid	Medical-grade health

Conclusion:

Germany’s market for smartwatches is dominated by international technology giants, with Apple being the top most popular brand followed by Samsung. Although Germany is famous for having luxury mechanical watch manufacturers such as Sinn, NOMOS, A. Lange & Söhne, Glashütte has fewer indigenous smartwatch.

The post Top 10 Smartwatch Brands in Germany appeared first on ELE Times.

Tokyo-based JX Advanced Metals Corp is investing about ¥1.5bn (about US$10.2m) to increase its indium phosphide (InP) substrate production capacity by about 20% at its Isohara Plant in Kitaibaraki City, Ibaraki Prefecture...

As the industry accelerates toward 800G Ethernet and optical interconnects, engineers face new challenges in managing electromagnetic interference (EMI) while ensuring signal integrity at unprecedented speeds. The transition to 112G pulse amplitude modulation 4-level (PAM4) SerDes introduces faster edge rates and dense spectral content, elevating the risk of radiated and conducted emissions.

Simultaneously, compact module form factors such as QSFP-DD and OSFP force high-speed lanes, DC-DC converters, and control circuitry into tight spaces, increasing the potential for crosstalk and noise coupling. Power delivery noise, insufficient shielding, and poor return path design can easily transform an 800G design from lab success to compliance failure during emissions testing.

To avoid late-stage surprises, it’s critical to address EMI systematically from the PCB level up, balancing stack-up, routing, and grounding decisions with high-speed signal integrity and practical manufacturability.

This article provides engineers with actionable PCB design strategies to reduce EMI in 800G systems while maintaining high performance in data center and telecom environments.

Layout considerations

For chip-to-chip 112G PAM4 signaling, the key frequency is the Nyquist frequency, which is half of the baud rate. PAM4 encodes 2 bits per symbol.

• Therefore, the baud rate (symbol rate) is half of the bit rate. For 112 Gbps, the baud rate is 112 Gbps / 2 = 56 Gbaud (gigabaud).
• The Nyquist frequency is half of the baud rate. So, the Nyquist frequency for 112G PAM4 is 56 Gbaud / 2 = 28 GHz.

The maximum insertion at 29 GHz for 112G medium range PAM4 is 20 dB. Megtron 7 offers a low dissipation factor (Df) of 0.003 at 29 GHz, which is adequate for 112G. Df of 0.003 is squarely in the “very low loss” category. It means that the material will dissipate a minimal amount of the signal’s energy, allowing more of the original signal strength to reach the receiver.

This helps preserve the critical amplitude differences between the PAM4 levels, enabling a lower bit error rate (BER). Low-cost FR-4 material typically has Df value of 0.015, which is excessive for 112G PAM4.

Aperture and shielding effectiveness

To avoid EMI, the wavelength relationship is essential, especially when considering wires or openings that may serve as unintentional antennas. An EMI shield’s seam, slot, or hole can all function as a slot antenna. When this opening’s dimensions get close to a sizable portion of an interfering signal’s wavelength, it turns into an effective radiator, letting EMI escape, perhaps failing the radiated emission test in an anechoic chamber.

As a general guideline, the maximum size of any aperture should be less than λ/20 (one-twentieth of the wavelength) of the highest frequency of concern to achieve efficient EMI shielding. See Figure 1 for typical airflow management openings.

Figure 1 Airflow apertures and shielded ventilation are shown for airflow management. Source: Author

The wavelength is calculated as lambda = c / f = (3 * 108) / (28 * 109) = 10.7 mm

Opening dimension = lambda / 20 = 0.536 mm

To reduce EMI problems, all apertures for equipment that operate at or are vulnerable to 28-GHz signals should ideally be less than 0.536 mm. The permitted dimensions for apertures decrease with increasing frequencies.

Routing guidelines and via stub impact at 112G PAM4

The spacing rule between two differential pairs is different for TX-to-TX and TX-to-RX. Generally, the allowed serpentine routing length for 112G PAM4 is less than previous speeds. Serpentine lines have less impact on a differential pair that is weakly connected.

A via stub is the unused portion of a through-hole via that extends beyond the layer where the signal transitions (Figure 2). For example, if a signal goes from the top layer to an inner layer via a through-hole, the part of the via extending from that inner layer to the bottom of the board forms a stub.

Figure 2 The diagram provides an overview of PCB via stub. Source: Author

f = c/(4*L*√ℇeff)

f = resonant frequency of a via stub = 28 GHz

c = speed of light = 3 x 108 m/s

L = Length of via stub = 1.533 mm = 60.35 mils

ℇeff = 3.05 at 28GHz

A via stub length of ~60 mils will resonate near 28 GHz in Megtron 7. For 112G PAM4 designs, this length is too long and can cause serious signal integrity issues.

Power considerations

Generally, 800G transceivers consume between 13 W and 18 W per port for short range but exact value is mentioned in module manufacturer datasheet. These transceivers contain 8 lanes for 112G to transmit 800G. A 1RU appliance with 32 QSFP-DD would need 25.6T switch. See Figure 3 for a simplified diagram of 1RU appliance with one ASIC.

Figure 3 Airflow management is shown for 1U high-speed systems incorporating a single ASIC. Source: Author

• Power consumption for 112G PAM4 SerDes is high (typically 0.5–1.0 W per lane). For example, SerDes system will consume worst-case scenario Power = 8 * 1 W = 8 W.
• Tcase_max = 90°C, Tambient_max = 50°C. Rth = (90 – 50) / 8 = 5° C/W. System designers should ensure heatsink and thermal interface material provides ≤ 5 ° C/W.
• Q = Power to be dissipated (watts). ΔT = Allowable air temperature rise across the system (°C). Conversation factor = 3.16
• CFM = Q* 3.16/ΔT = 2000 * 3.16/15 = 421
• In 1RU, engineers use multiple 40 x 40 x 56 mm high-RPM fans for airfield distribution that typically pushes ~25-30 CFM. Fans required = 421/25 = 16.8 ≈ 17 fans. Accommodating this high number of fans is difficult because external power supplies occupy rear space.

Design recommendations

As 800G hardware and 112G PAM4 SerDes become standard in next-generation data center and telecom systems, engineers face a multifaceted design challenge: maintaining signal integrity, controlling EMI, and managing thermal constraints within high-density 1RU systems.

Careful PCB material selection, such as low-loss Megtron 7, precise routing to minimize via stub resonance, and disciplined aperture management for shielding are essential to avoid signal degradation and EMI test failures. Simultaneously, the high-power density of 800G optics and SerDes require advanced thermal design, airflow planning, and redundancy considerations to meet operational and reliability targets.

By systematically addressing EMI and thermal factors early in the design cycle, engineers can confidently build 800G systems that pass compliance testing while delivering high performance under real-world conditions. Doing so not only avoids costly late-stage redesigns but also ensures robust deployment of high-speed systems critical for the evolving demands of cloud and AI workloads.

Ujjwal Sharma is a hardware engineer specializing in high-speed system design, signal/power integrity, and optical modules for data center hardware.

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• Signal integrity and power integrity in high-speed design
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The post PCB design tips for EMI and thermal management in 800G systems appeared first on EDN.

Device Offers Knob Option for Easy Finger Setting, Variety of Pin Configurations in Top and Side Adjustment Styles

Vishay Intertechnology, Inc. introduced a new industrial-grade 3/8 inch square single-turn cermet trimmer. Available with an extended shaft, cross-slot rotor, or knob option for easy finger setting, the Vishay Sfernice M61 is offered in several pin configurations in both top and side adjustment styles to optimize placement on the PCB.

The device released, combines a wide 10 Ω to 2 MΩ resistance range with a temperature range from -55 °C to +125 °C and a low temperature coefficient of ± 100 ppm/°C. Fully sealed to withstand standard board wash processing, the M61 offers a 0.5 W power rating at +85 °C, making it ideal for industrial applications including welding equipment, power tools, and 3D printers, in addition to heating, cooling, and ventilation systems.

The post New Vishay Intertechnology Industrial-Grade 3/8 Inch Square Single-Turn Cermet Trimmer Optimizes Placement on PCB appeared first on ELE Times.

Source: dieshot.com Contributors: 万扯淡 / Kurnal / Tony - ASUS Marketing (CN) submitted by /u/epxeip [link] [comments]