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Started designing a few joystick cap styles for KY-023/Arduino joystick modules and thought they turned out pretty nice. Made a classic version, textured grip version, tall, wide, and short variants. if you wan the model: https://makerworld.com/en/models/2792322-arduino-joystick-cap-pack-5-variants#profileId-3105095 submitted by /u/Hour_Seat5773 [link] [comments]

Ordinary bipolar junction transistors can sometimes be precision sensors.

When you think of precision components, you usually don’t (and probably shouldn’t) think of general-purpose bipolar junction transistors.  Are GP BJTs cheap and versatile?  Unquestionably yes.  But are their characteristics, current gain, bias voltage, etc., precise and predictable to a fraction of a percent?  Sadly (and maybe even laughably) no.  But not entirely so.  A dramatic exception is the ΔVbe effect, in which ordinary small signal BJTs can function in simple circuits as 0.1% precision absolute temperature sensors, as shown in an earlier Design Idea.

Wow the engineering world with your unique design: Design Ideas Submission Guide

The  ΔVbe effect depends solely on the ratio of applied currents, independent of their absolute magnitudes.  It has an amplitude of 1/5050 volts per Kelvin and 1/9090 volts per Rankine per current ratio decade.  Figure 1 shows how this simple math can be exploited to turn most any 3 ¾ digital multimeter with a 300mV range into a versatile and accurate 0.1° resolution thermometer switchable between Celsius and Fahrentheit scales:

Figure 1 Switch U1a and current mirror Q2Q3 apply an excitation current ratio of 10.23:1 to the 9-sensor transistor string.  The string is tapped at 5 x 200uV/°C = 1mV/°C and 9 x 111uV/°F = 1mV/°F.

Here’s how it works. Multivibrator U1b and switch U1a drive current mirror Q2Q3 with a square wave current signal.  Its two states have a precise ratio of 101.01 = 10.23:1.  The current mirror applies this signal to the 9-transistor temperature sensing string.  There, the ΔVbe effect causes each transistor to develop 200uV per Kelvin and 111uV per Rankine, summing to 1mV/°K at the 5-transistor tap and 1mV/°R at the 9-transistor tap.

The S1a section of the DPDT switch S1 allows appropriate tap selection for the desired temperature scale.  Meanwhile, the S1b section selects the appropriate Z1 derived 0° offset: 273mV for Celsius and 460mV for Fahrenheit. The D1R6 dummy load balances the currents passed by the two sides of the U1a switch, equalizing its Ron voltage losses.  Current mirror lovers will no doubt notice that the Q2Q3 mirror, consisting as it does of unmatched transistors with no emitter degeneration, probably lacks an accurate gain ratio. But that’s okay.  It doesn’t need one.

Remember that the ΔVbe effect depends solely on the ratio of applied currents and is unaffected by of their absolute magnitudes.  So the mirror’s gain can vary over a wide range without significantly affecting temperature measurement accuracy.  V+ can likewise wander harmlessly from 7 to 20 volts.  A simple 9 volt battery will therefore work well and, since the total current draw is less than 2mA, will last for hundreds of hours of continuous operation.

Multivibrator U1b provides asymmetrical ~7kHz timing for synchronous sensor excitation and precision AC signal rectification by U1c.  Asterisked resistors should be +/- 0.1% precision types to preserve accuracy.

Yes.  Those ordinary dime-a-throw GP BJTs are really that good.

Stephen Woodward‘s relationship with EDN’s DI column goes back quite a long way. Over 200 submissions have been accepted since his first contribution back in 1974.  They have included best Design Idea of the year in 1974 and 2001.

Related Content 

• ΔVbe thermometer outputs 1mV/°C without calibration or op amps
• ΔVbe + DMM = Celsius, Kelvin, Fahrenheit, and Rankine thermometer
• BJT is accurate sensor for absolute temperature in Kelvin and Rankine
• Temperature compensation with a simple resistance temperature detector
• A temperature-compensated, calibration-free anti-log amplifier

The post ΔVbe thermometer is switchable between °C and °F appeared first on EDN.

Microchip’s LAN878x and LAN888x PHY families enable secure, scalable and deterministic Ethernet connectivity for automotive and industrial systems. Microchip Technology announces the launch of the LAN878x and LAN888x families of Single Pair Ethernet (SPE) PHY transceivers. It is available in 100BASE-T1, 1000BASE-T1, and dual-speed 100/1000BASE-T1. Designed to deliver secure, reliable and scalable Ethernet connectivity for automotive and other mission-critical applications.

The LAN878x and LAN888x PHYs integrate hardware-based MACsec security compliant with IEEE 802.1AE-2018, providing frame-level confidentiality, data integrity and replay protection without adding system latency or software complexity. Native Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN) support enables deterministic, low-latency communication required for ADAS, zonal gateways and safety-critical control networks.

The LAN878x and LAN888x families go beyond security and performance by delivering the latest functional safety engineered for ISO 26262 ASIL-B systems. Advanced on-chip diagnostics and link monitoring increase visibility, accelerate fault detection and support stronger system-level safety mechanisms than traditional SPE PHY solutions.

To simplify platform scalability and design reuse, the LAN878x and LAN888x families offer pin-compatible SKUs across 100BASE-T1 and 1000BASE-T1 variants, as well as SGMII and RGMII host interfaces. This compatibility allows designers to reuse existing hardware designs while scaling network bandwidth to meet evolving performance requirements.

“OEMs need a clear and efficient path to scale Ethernet performance as vehicle networks evolve,” said Charlie Forni, corporate vice president of Microchip’s networking and connectivity business unit. “The LAN878x and LAN888x families allow teams to reuse designs while supporting higher data rates and stronger security. By integrating MACsec directly in the PHY, we help designers enhance network protection without added system complexities.”

The LAN878x family includes LAN8781, LAN8781M, LAN8782 and LAN8782M, while the LAN888x family includes LAN8881, LAN8881M, LAN8882, LAN8882M, LAN8883, LAN8883M, LAN8884 and LAN8884M. Devices with the “M” suffix support MACsec security. All devices are designed for high reliability, with a maximum junction temperature of 150°C, supporting Automotive Grade 1 operating conditions (-40°C to +125°C).

Beyond automotive, the LAN878x and LAN888x families also support a wide range of industrial and mission-critical applications, including industrial automation, robotics, avionics and other systems that require deterministic Ethernet communication. The LAN878x and LAN888x PHY transceivers are comprehensive hardware evaluation platforms, SGMII, USB and PCIe plug-in boards and Linux software drivers.

The post Microchip Technology Launches Single-Pair Ethernet PHYs with Integrated Time and Security Functions appeared first on ELE Times.

Malta Government Venture Capital (MGVC) has approved investment under its co-investment framework to support the growth of Quinas Technology Ltd of London, UK (which was spun off from Lancaster University in early 2023)...

Nuvoton Technology, a leading global semiconductor provider, has announced the launch of “NuML Studio”. This is a graphic user interface (UI) tool designed specifically for machine learning applications on Nuvoton microcontrollers (MCUs). NuML Studio helps developers solve common problems when building Endpoint AI, providing a clear path from real-time data collection to automatic firmware project generation. This allows developers to focus more on improving their AI models and creating new applications.

Easy Setup to Start AI Development Immediately                                                                                                                            NuML Studio optimises Windows and provides a “ready-to-use” version that does not require users to install Python or complex software libraries, making it significantly easier for beginners to set up their development environment.
This “download and run” approach allows developers to bypass tedious setup processes and immediately access intuitive project management features, where they can easily create projects for data collection, machine learning deployment, or a combination of both to facilitate rapid iteration.

Strong Data Collection and Conversion Features                                                                                                                      Accurate data is the foundation of any AI model. NuML Studio provides full support for sensors and automatic data conversion:

• Support for Many Sensors: It supports 3-axis G-sensors, 16KHz Audio, and Image collection using the NuMaker-M55M1 board.
• Automatic Data Conversion: Collected raw data can be converted into standard formats like .csv (for sensors), .wav (for audio), or .jpg (for images) with one click.
• Cloud Integration: With built-in machine learning platform API support, developers can upload their collected data directly to a cloud platform for model training.

Automatic Project Generation for Fast Deployment                                                                                                                         The core technology of NuML Studio can automatically create firmware projects that follow industry standards:

• Support for Popular Models: It works with the TensorFlow Lite Micro (TFLM) framework and supports quantised models.
• Automatic Firmware Creation: It can automatically generate Keil MDK and VS Code CMSIS projects for tasks like image classification, object detection, and keyword spotting (KWS).
• Hardware Optimisation: For chips with an Arm Ethos-U55 NPU (such as the NuMicro M55M1), it provides special library support to get the best performance from the hardware.

With the launch of NuML Studio, Nuvoton reinforces its commitment to lowering the barriers to Endpoint AI development. By providing an integrated path from real-time data collection to automatic firmware generation, this tool allows developers to bypass complex environment setups and focus on AI model optimisation and innovation. Supporting industry standards and providing specialised library support for hardware acceleration on chips like the Arm Ethos-U55 NPU, NuML Studio empowers developers to deliver high-performance intelligent edge applications with unprecedented speed.

 

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