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Фемінітиви: що воно таке, звідки взялося й навіщо потрібне
У плані дій з імплементації принципів гендерної рівності сформульовано низку стратегічних цілей гендерної політики університету, які він має досягти до 2027 року. Серед останніх – і освітні заходи із застосування в листуванні та діловому спілкуванні фемінітивів. Що ж таке ці фемінітиви, звідки вони взялися і навіщо потрібні? Коротко розповідаємо про це.
Візит міністра Кабінету Міністрів України та голова Держспецзв'язку до ІСЗЗІ
Міністр Кабінету Міністрів України Олег Немчінов та голова Держспецзв'язку Олександр Потій завітали до Інституту спеціального зв'язку та захисту інформації КПІ ім. Ігоря Сікорського.
Understanding Metal Soldering: Definition, Process, Working, Uses & Advantages
Metal soldering is a process used to join two or more metal surfaces by melting a filler metal, known as solder, without melting the base metals. The solder, which has a lower melting point than the metals being joined, flows into the joint through capillary action and solidifies upon cooling, creating a strong bond. Unlike welding, where the base metals are melted, soldering relies on a low-heat process, making it ideal for delicate components and applications where excessive heat can cause damage.
Soldering is widely used in electronics, plumbing, automotive repairs, jewellery making, and industrial metalworking. It is favoured for its precision, conductivity, and versatility, allowing for secure, reliable connections between different metal components. With recent advancements, lead-free solder alloys and improved flux formulations have made soldering safer and more environmentally friendly.
How Metal Soldering Works?Metal soldering works by applying heat to a joint and introducing a solder alloy, which melts and adheres to the metal surfaces, forming a secure connection. The process involves several key elements, including a heat source, such as a soldering iron, torch, or induction heater, flux to clean and prepare the metal surface, and solder wire or paste to create the bond.
The key principle behind soldering is capillary action, where the molten solder flows into the tiny gaps between metal surfaces. This ensures that the joint is uniform, strong, and conductive. Proper temperature control is crucial because overheating can damage components or weaken the bond, while insufficient heat may result in a poor connection.
Different types of soldering are used based on the temperature and strength required, including soft soldering, hard soldering (silver soldering), and brazing. Each method serves different industrial needs, ranging from electronic circuit board assembly to high-strength mechanical joints in automotive and aerospace applications.
Metal Soldering ProcessThe metal soldering process follows a step-by-step approach to ensure a strong, reliable joint.
1. Surface PreparationBefore soldering, the metal surfaces must be thoroughly cleaned to remove any oxidation, oil, or dirt that could interfere with solder adhesion. This is done using abrasive pads, sandpaper, chemical cleaners, or specialized fluxes that dissolve impurities. Flux is particularly important because it prevents oxidation during the heating process, ensuring a smooth flow of solder.
2. Heating the JointThe joint is then heated using a soldering iron, gas torch, or induction heater, depending on the type of soldering being performed. The temperature must be carefully controlled to prevent excessive heating, which can weaken the joint or damage heat-sensitive components. The goal is to heat the metal surfaces just enough to allow the solder to flow and bond properly.
3. Applying the SolderOnce the joint reaches the correct temperature, solder wire, paste, or pre-formed solder pieces are introduced. The solder melts upon contact with the heated surface and flows into the joint through capillary action, ensuring an even distribution. The use of flux helps the solder adhere properly by removing any remaining oxides and improving wetting.
4. Cooling and SolidificationAfter the solder has flowed into the joint, the heat source is removed, and the connection is allowed to cool naturally. Rapid cooling should be avoided, as it can create thermal stress and weak bonds. The solder solidifies as it cools, forming a strong electrical and mechanical connection.
5. Cleaning the JointOnce cooled, the joint is inspected for smoothness, strength, and uniformity. Any excess flux residue is cleaned using isopropyl alcohol (IPA) or water, as leftover flux can cause corrosion over time. In electronics soldering, a multimeter may be used to check electrical continuity and ensure a reliable connection.
Types of Metal Soldering 1. Soft Soldering (Low-Temperature Soldering)Soft soldering is the most commonly used method, particularly in electronics and plumbing. It uses a low-melting-point solder alloy, typically containing tin and lead (Sn-Pb) or a lead-free alternative (Sn-Ag-Cu). The temperatures in soft soldering typically range from 180°C to 300°C. Since soft soldering does not require extremely high temperatures, it is ideal for delicate applications such as circuit board assembly and small metal components.
2. Hard Soldering (Silver Soldering)Hard soldering, also known as silver soldering, uses a higher-melting-point solder, often containing silver or other strong alloys. This technique requires temperatures between 450°C and 800°C and is commonly used in jewellery making, refrigeration systems, and aerospace applications. Hard soldering produces stronger and more heat-resistant joints than soft soldering, making it suitable for high-stress environments.
3. Brazing (High-Temperature Soldering)Brazing is similar to soldering but uses a filler metal with a melting point above 800°C. The process involves heating the metal surfaces and allowing brass or bronze-based solder to flow into the joint. Brazing is widely used in automotive manufacturing, HVAC systems, and heavy-duty industrial applications where high-strength, heat-resistant joints are required.
Uses & Applications of Metal Soldering 1. Electronics & PCB ManufacturingSoldering is an essential process in electronics assembly, used to join circuit board components, connectors, and microchips. It ensures electrical conductivity and mechanical stability, making it crucial for manufacturing computers, smartphones, and consumer electronics. With the rise of lead-free soldering due to environmental regulations (RoHS compliance), manufacturers now use tin-silver-copper (SAC) alloys for improved safety and durability.
2. Plumbing & Pipe FittingsSoft soldering is widely used in plumbing systems to create leak-proof seals in copper pipes and water lines. It provides durable, corrosion-resistant joints that withstand water pressure and temperature fluctuations.
3. Automotive & Aerospace IndustriesSoldering is used in wiring, sensors, and heat-sensitive components in automotive and aerospace engineering. Hard soldering and brazing are preferred for fuel lines, air-conditioning systems, and exhaust components, ensuring high-strength, heat-resistant bonds.
4. Jewellery & MetalworkIn the jewellery industry, silver soldering is used to join gold, silver, and platinum pieces with minimal heat damage. It ensures seamless, durable joints without affecting intricate designs.
Advantages of Metal SolderingOne of the key benefits of metal soldering is its low-temperature operation, which prevents the base metals from melting or warping. It also allows for precise, clean joints, making it ideal for electronics and fine metalwork. The process provides strong, conductive bonds, ensuring reliable electrical connections in circuit boards. Additionally, soldering is cost-effective, energy-efficient, and versatile, working with a wide range of metals.
Disadvantages of Metal SolderingDespite its benefits, soldering has some limitations. It produces joints that are not as strong as welded connections, making it unsuitable for high-load applications. Heat-sensitive materials can be damaged if temperature control is poor, and flux residues can lead to corrosion if not cleaned properly. Additionally, soft soldering has temperature limitations, as joints may fail under extreme heat or stress.
ConclusionMetal soldering remains a critical process in modern manufacturing and repair work, offering a precise, low-temperature, and cost-effective method for joining metals. With the rise of lead-free alloys, automation, and advanced flux formulations, soldering continues to evolve, making it safer and more efficient. Whether in electronics, plumbing, automotive, or jewellery making, soldering provides reliable, durable connections that drive innovation in multiple industries.
The post Understanding Metal Soldering: Definition, Process, Working, Uses & Advantages appeared first on ELE Times.
Stealth Technology: Definition, Types, Working & Applications
Stealth technology, also known as low observable technology, is a collection of advanced techniques designed to reduce the visibility of military vehicles, aircraft, ships, and missiles to enemy detection systems. These systems include radar, infrared sensors, sonar, and electromagnetic surveillance tools. The primary objective of stealth technology is to increase the survivability of military assets by making them harder to detect, track, and target.
The concept of stealth technology is not new, but it has evolved significantly with advancements in material science, aerodynamics, and electronic warfare. Early efforts in stealth technology focused on reducing the radar cross-section (RCS) of aircraft through unique shaping techniques. Over time, innovations in radar-absorbing materials (RAM), infrared suppression systems, and acoustic noise reduction have led to highly sophisticated stealth platforms. Today, stealth technology is a crucial element in modern warfare, providing a significant strategic advantage in aerial, naval, and ground operations.
Types of Stealth TechnologyStealth technology can be classified into several types based on the method used to reduce detectability. Each type focuses on minimizing a specific form of detection, ensuring that military assets remain hidden from enemy sensors.
Radar Stealth (Low Radar Cross Section – RCS)
Radar stealth technology primarily aims to minimize the amount of radar waves reflected back to enemy detection systems. The radar cross-section (RCS) of an object is a measure of how much radar energy it reflects, and stealth technology works by reducing this reflection. One of the key techniques used in radar stealth is designing aircraft and naval vessels with faceted surfaces or smooth curves that scatter incoming radar waves rather than reflecting them directly back to the source.
Additionally, specialized radar-absorbing materials (RAM) are used to coat stealth vehicles. These materials absorb a significant portion of the radar energy, converting it into heat rather than allowing it to be reflected. Aircraft like the F-22 Raptor and B-2 Spirit bomber use a combination of these techniques to achieve low radar detectability.
Infrared (IR) Stealth
Infrared stealth focuses on reducing an object’s heat signature to avoid detection by thermal imaging systems. Military aircraft, ships, and land vehicles generate significant heat due to engine operations, friction with the air, and exhaust emissions. Advanced stealth technology incorporates several techniques to minimize this infrared signature.
One method involves using heat-dissipating exhaust systems that spread the hot gases over a larger area, thereby lowering their temperature before they escape into the atmosphere. Additionally, stealth aircraft often use low-emissivity materials on their surfaces to prevent excessive heat buildup. These techniques make it harder for enemy infrared sensors to detect and lock onto stealth platforms, increasing their survivability in combat zones.
Acoustic Stealth
Acoustic stealth technology is essential for submarines and naval vessels, where sound waves are used to detect objects underwater. Noise generated by propellers, engines, and onboard systems can be detected by sonar, making it crucial to minimize acoustic emissions.
To achieve acoustic stealth, submarines and stealth ships use quiet propulsion systems that reduce cavitation—the formation of air bubbles around propeller blades that create noise. Additionally, sound-absorbing materials are used to coat the hulls of submarines, dampening vibrations and reducing noise transmission. These techniques allow stealth submarines, such as the Virginia-class and Scorpène-class, to operate undetected in enemy waters.
Visual Stealth
Visual stealth technology aims to reduce the visibility of military assets using advanced camouflage techniques. Traditional methods involve painting vehicles with camouflage patterns that help them blend into their surroundings. However, modern stealth technology has taken this a step further with the development of electrochromic materials and adaptive coatings that can change colour based on environmental conditions.
Some experimental visual stealth systems use metamaterials and active cloaking technologies that manipulate light waves, making an object appear nearly invisible to the naked eye. While full optical invisibility remains a challenge, ongoing research continues to push the boundaries of visual stealth.
Electromagnetic Stealth
In addition to reducing radar and infrared signatures, stealth technology also minimizes electromagnetic emissions from military platforms. Electronic devices, including communication and navigation systems, emit detectable signals that can be intercepted by enemy intelligence operations. To prevent detection, stealth aircraft, and naval vessels use electromagnetic shielding to contain these emissions.
Moreover, emission control (EMCON) procedures are employed to limit unnecessary electronic transmissions, reducing the risk of detection by enemy surveillance systems. By managing their electromagnetic footprint, stealth platforms can operate more securely in hostile environments.
How Does Stealth Technology Work?Stealth technology works by integrating multiple techniques to reduce the chances of detection across various sensory domains. One of the most important aspects is the reduction of radar cross-section (RCS), which is achieved through specialized aircraft shaping and radar-absorbing coatings. By ensuring that radar waves are either absorbed or deflected away from enemy sensors, stealth aircraft like the F-35 Lightning II can remain undetected for longer durations.
Infrared suppression techniques help control heat emissions, making it difficult for heat-seeking missiles to lock onto stealth assets. Noise reduction strategies ensure that submarines and naval vessels can move through water without alerting enemy sonar systems. Additionally, electromagnetic stealth reduces radio frequency emissions, preventing enemy forces from pinpointing the location of stealth aircraft, ships, or drones.
Applications of Stealth TechnologyStealth technology has a wide range of applications in modern military operations.
Stealth Aircraft
Stealth aircraft play a crucial role in modern aerial warfare by conducting deep penetration strikes, surveillance missions, and air superiority operations. Notable examples include the F-22 Raptor, a highly maneuverable stealth fighter designed for air dominance, and the B-2 Spirit, a stealth bomber capable of delivering nuclear and conventional payloads with minimal risk of detection.
Stealth Naval Vessels
Naval stealth technology enhances the survivability of warships by reducing their radar and acoustic signatures. The USS Zumwalt (DDG-1000) is an advanced destroyer with a stealthy design that minimizes its radar cross-section. Similarly, the Type 055 destroyer, developed by China, incorporates stealth shaping to improve operational effectiveness in naval engagements.
Stealth Submarines
Submarines rely heavily on stealth to avoid detection while patrolling enemy waters. The Virginia-class submarines used by the U.S. Navy feature anechoic coatings and quiet propulsion systems that make them nearly undetectable by sonar. The Scorpène-class submarines, developed by France, are also known for their stealth capabilities and operational flexibility.
Stealth Missiles and Drones
Stealth technology is increasingly being integrated into unmanned systems and precision-guided missiles. The BGM-109 Tomahawk cruise missile is designed to have a low radar cross-section, allowing it to evade enemy air defenses. Similarly, the RQ-170 Sentinel is a stealth reconnaissance drone used for intelligence-gathering missions.
Advantages of Stealth TechnologyStealth technology provides several advantages in military operations. By reducing an asset’s detectability, it enhances survivability, allowing forces to carry out missions with lower risk. Stealth platforms also improve operational effectiveness by enabling surprise attacks and reconnaissance missions without alerting enemy defenses. Additionally, stealth technology provides a strategic advantage by forcing adversaries to invest in more advanced detection and countermeasure systems.
ConclusionStealth technology has revolutionized modern warfare by enabling military forces to operate with greater security and effectiveness. From radar-absorbing materials to infrared suppression and electromagnetic shielding, stealth innovations continue to evolve, shaping the future of aerial, naval, and ground combat. As research advances, stealth technology may find applications beyond the military, influencing commercial aviation and security technologies in the coming decades.
The post Stealth Technology: Definition, Types, Working & Applications appeared first on ELE Times.
BluGlass establishes Industry Advisory Board led by Steven DenBaars and Richard Craig
Programmable DC converter
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UK’s Universities of Cambridge and Southampton join PIXEurope pilot line consortium
Aeluma showcasing next-gen sensor and silicon photonic solutions at SPIE Defense + Commercial Sensing
Wise-integration showcasing next-gen GaN power solutions at APEC
Keysight adds wide-bandgap power semiconductor bare chip dynamic measurement to double-pulse test portfolio
Follow up, my first SMD PCB, digital oscilloscope
![]() | submitted by /u/_RoseDagger [link] [comments] |
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Selfmade RGB Cube. What do you think?
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Found a way to keep my ICs organized and safe
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Smartphone production grows 9.2% in Q4/2024 to 334.5 million units
Navitas production-releases first 650V bi-directional GaNFast ICs and isolated gate-drivers
Infineon’s CoolSiC Schottky diode 2000V made available in TO-247-2 package
OIF advances interoperability at OFC with live demos, expert insights and cross-industry collaboration
Зустріч представників КПІ ім. Ігоря Сікорського з Нобелевськими лауреатами
UNESCO оголосило 2025 рік Міжнародним роком квантової фізики і технологій. На відзначення цього, на початку березня 2025 року відбулася подія у КНУ ім. Т. Г. Шевченка, на яку були запрошені студенти та викладачі Фізико-математичного факультету (ФМФ) та Навчально-наукового фізико-технічного інституту (НН ФТІ), керівництво КПІ ім. Ігоря Сікорського.
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