ELE Times

The field of computing is undergoing a transformative shift with the advent of quantum computing. While classical electronics have been the backbone of digital technology for decades, quantum computing promises to unlock unprecedented computational capabilities. However, these two paradigms are not mutually exclusive; rather, they can complement each other, leading to more efficient and powerful computing architectures. This article explores the latest developments in integrating quantum computing with classical electronics, detailing the technical challenges, innovative solutions, and future implications.

Classical computing is built on the foundation of semiconductor-based electronics, primarily leveraging transistors, integrated circuits, and Boolean logic. It operates on bits, which can either be in the state of 0 or 1, and relies on deterministic algorithms to process information.

Quantum computing introduces a fundamentally different approach, utilizing qubits instead of bits. Qubits can exist in superposition, meaning they can represent both 0 and 1 simultaneously, and leverage entanglement for highly efficient parallel computations. This enables quantum systems to solve problems that are infeasible for classical computers, such as complex optimizations, cryptographic analysis, and molecular simulations.

Quantum processors (QPUs) do not operate in isolation; they require classical electronics for control, measurement, and data processing. The integration of these two domains is critical to making quantum computing practical and scalable.

• Cryogenic CMOS Electronics: Since qubits operate at extremely low temperatures (near absolute zero), classical control electronics must function reliably at cryogenic conditions. Innovations in cryogenic CMOS technology enable signal processing and qubit manipulation without excessive thermal noise.
• High-Speed Digital-to-Analog and Analog-to-Digital Converters (DAC/ADC): These components are crucial for translating classical instructions into precise qubit operations and reading quantum state measurements.
• Low-Latency Error Correction: Quantum error correction requires real-time classical processing to mitigate decoherence and maintain computational accuracy. Specialized classical processors are being developed to handle these operations efficiently.

Many quantum algorithms require classical pre- and post-processing. Examples include:

• Variational Quantum Eigensolver (VQE): Used in quantum chemistry, where a classical optimizer adjusts quantum circuit parameters to minimize energy states.
• Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA): A hybrid approach that leverages quantum computation for complex combinatorial problems while using classical methods for optimization refinement.

As quantum processors scale up, the overhead on classical electronics increases significantly. The interconnect complexity, power consumption, and latency must be optimized to handle thousands of qubits efficiently.

Operating classical electronics near quantum processors requires careful thermal management to prevent interference with qubit coherence. New materials and low-power circuit designs are being explored to address this issue.

Quantum computations generate vast amounts of data that must be efficiently transferred to classical processors for analysis. Advanced data compression and high-speed interconnects are being developed to enhance performance.

Optical communication is being explored to connect classical and quantum systems with minimal signal degradation. Photonic links enable faster and more reliable transmission of control signals and readout data.

Neuromorphic processors, which mimic the human brain’s neural networks, are being investigated to handle real-time quantum error correction more efficiently than traditional digital processors.

Machine learning algorithms are being integrated into quantum control systems to optimize pulse sequences, error correction strategies, and system calibrations dynamically.

The future of computing lies in a seamless fusion of quantum and classical technologies. Research is progressing towards developing quantum-classical hybrid architectures that harness the best of both worlds. Potential advancements include:

• On-Chip Integration: Embedding quantum and classical components onto the same chip to reduce latency and improve scalability.
• Fault-Tolerant Quantum Systems: Advancements in quantum error correction that minimize the need for excessive classical post-processing.
• Cloud-Based Quantum Computing: Platforms where classical systems offload computationally intensive tasks to quantum processors over high-speed networks.

The integration of quantum computing with classical electronics represents a monumental leap in computational capabilities. By overcoming current technical challenges, researchers are paving the way for a new era of computing where quantum and classical systems work in unison to solve the most complex problems. The convergence of these technologies will not only drive breakthroughs in artificial intelligence, materials science, and cryptography but also redefine the limits of human knowledge and innovation.

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Achieves equivalent rated power in a smaller size with guaranteed stable long-term supply

ROHM has expanded its portfolio of general-purpose chip resistors with the MCRx family. It is designed to achieve greater miniaturization and enhanced performance across a variety of applications. The new lineup includes the high-power MCRS series and low-resistance, high-power MCRL series.

In today’s era of advancing functionality and electrification, the increased miniaturization and improved performance of electronic components have become critical issues. This is especially evident in the automotive market, where the proliferation of electric vehicles (xEVs) is accelerating the use of electronic components. Similarly, the industrial equipment market is experiencing growing demand for compact, high performance electronic components as machinery becomes more functional and efficient. ROHM addresses both of these needs with the MCRx family of compact, high-performance resistors.

The MCRS series improves rated power and TCR (Temperature Coefficient of Resistance) characteristics by optimizing the internal structure and incorporating new materials, enabling use in a smaller size compared to conventional products. A broad lineup in sizes ranging from 0402-size (0.04inch × 0.02inch) / 1005-size (1.0mm × 0.5mm) to 2512-size (0.25inch × 0.12inch) / 6432-size (6.4mm × 3.2mm) is available, making it possible to select the ideal product based on mounting space requirements. This leads to a compact, efficient circuit design, significantly increasing design flexibility. Meanwhile, the MCRL series, a low-resistance variant of the MCRS series, is offered in sizes ranging from 0805-size (0.08inch × 0.05inch) / 2012-size (2.0mm × 1.2mm) to 2512-size (0.25inch × 0.12inch) / 6432-size (6.4mm × 3.2mm) ideal for current detection applications.

The MCRx family adopts a redesigned internal structure, improving production efficiency, quality, and product reliability across all sizes. Compliant with the AEC-Q200 automotive reliability standard, this series meets the increasing demand for electric vehicles (xEVs) while contributing to market expansion in communications infrastructure such as base stations and servers as well as factory automation equipment. In addition, the products are designated for long-term stable supply, supporting continuous use in long-life applications such as industrial equipment.

The MCRS series will be expanded to include compact 0201-size (0.024inch × 0.012inch) / 0603-size (0.6mm × 0.3mm) products capable of withstanding temperatures up to +155°C. At the same time, the MCRE series will soon offer completely lead-free 01005-size (0.016inch × 0.008inch) / 0402-size (0.4mm × 0.2mm) products. These additions will allow ROHM to respond to the demand for further miniaturization while complying with environmentally-driven voluntary regulations and export restrictions.

Going forward, ROHM is focused on developing and manufacturing products that cater to the diverse needs of customers worldwide. In particular, ROHM will continue to expand its lineup of resistors (its founding products) that improve miniaturization and reliability while ensuring long-term stable supply. By consistently delivering new value through technological innovation, ROHM seeks to solidify its market position and drive the evolution of electronic components.

Suitable for a wide range of applications (excluding medical, military, aerospace, and nuclear control equipment)

• Electric vehicles (xEVs): Battery Management Systems (BMS), powertrain control, Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS)
• In-vehicle electronics: Engine Control Units (ECUs), infotainment systems, and more

• Robotics: Control systems for industrial robots
• Factory Automation (FA): Automated product line control systems
• Power conversion equipment： Inverters, converters, and more

• Smart devices: Smartphones, tablets, wearables
• Home appliances: TVs, refrigerators, washing machines

• Network equipment: Routers, switching hubs, communication equipment for data centers, etc.

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The new nRF54L chipset-based wireless modules reduce current consumption and double processing capacity, catering to diverse mass market segments.

u-blox a global leader in positioning and short-range communication technologies for automotive, industrial, and consumer markets has expanded its portfolio by introducing six new variants of the NORA-B2 Bluetooth Low Energy modules. Now integrating the entire range of Nordic Semiconductor’s next-level nRF54L Series of ultra-low power wireless Systems-on-Chip (SoCs), NORA-B2 offers a versatile solution for mass market segments thanks to its choices of antennas, architectures and chipsets.

The new additions keep delivering on NORA-B2 promises, providing multiple operational benefits. The wireless modules combine ultra-lower power consumption and high processing efficiency, consuming up to 50% less current than previous-generation devices while doubling process capacity. They also offer outstanding security features, which makes them ideal for a wide range of IoT applications, such as smart home devices, industrial automation, or healthcare.

The entire NORA-B2 series comprises four variants that differ in memory sizes, design architectures and price levels to match almost any device manufacturer’s requirements.

• NORA-B20 uses ultra-low power nRF54L15 SoC and integrates a 128 MHz Arm Cortex-M33 processor, a RISC-V co-processor, and an ultra-low power multiprotocol 2.4 GHz radio. It comes with 1.5 MB of Non-Volatile Memory (NVM) and 256 KB RAM.
• NORA-B21, based on ultra-low power nRF54L10 SoC, is designed for mid-range applications. It has 1.0 MB of NVM and 192 KB of RAM and can handle multiple wireless protocols simultaneously, including Bluetooth LE, Bluetooth Mesh, Thread, Matter, Zigbee, and Amazon Sidewalk.
• NORA-B22 is designed for cost-sensitive applications but still provides access to up to 31 GPIOs. It offers 0.5 MB of NVM and 96 KB of RAM.
• NORA-B26 is designed for customers using the Network Co-Processor architecture and comes pre-flashed with the u-blox u-connectXpress software, allowing customers to easily integrate Bluetooth connectivity into their products with no prior knowledge of Bluetooth LE or wireless security.

All NORA-B2 modules are designed for PSA Certified Level 3 security. They incorporate features such as secure boot and updates, tamper detection, and secure firmware over-the-air (FOTA) updates. These security measures ensure that IoT devices remain protected against any potential threats, safeguarding both data and functionality. NORA-B2 modules are also qualified against Bluetooth Core 6.0 that includes Channel Sounding, enabling endless cost-effective possibilities in tracking and locating use cases.

NORA-B2 variants either come with an antenna pin for connecting an external antenna of choice or are designed with a patented PCB antenna providing best-in-class RF performance. All module versions come with global certification allowing device manufacturers to launch their products worldwide with minimal effort.

“We are excited to see Nordic’s entire nRF54L Series of SoCs seamlessly integrated into the NORA-B2 module series. The market demand for energy-efficient solutions at a competitive cost is growing rapidly, and this product category is well-positioned to meet that need. u-blox’s commitment to staying ahead of industry and market trends reinforces our confidence in this valuable partnership,” says Thomas Holmberg, Regional Sales Director at Nordic Semiconductor.

Samples of NORA-B20 are now available. Early samples of NORA-B21 and NORA-B22 are available for evaluation in limited quantities. The pre-release version of u-connectXpress software for NORA-B26 is also available for early adopters. For more information on the NORA-B2 series and how it can benefit your IoT projects, visit the u-blox website or contact your local u-blox salesperson or distribution partner.

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Industry 5.0 represents the next leap in industrial evolution, emphasizing human-machine collaboration, hyper-connectivity, and AI-driven automation. Unlike Industry 4.0, which focused on full automation and cyber-physical systems, Industry 5.0 integrates human intelligence with advanced technology to achieve greater efficiency, sustainability, and personalization.

At the core of this transformation are hyper-accurate sensors, which provide real-time, high-precision data essential for advanced robotics, AI-driven decision-making, and intelligent manufacturing. These sensors are the backbone of predictive maintenance, digital twins, adaptive production lines, and self-optimizing industrial systems, ensuring unprecedented levels of control, efficiency, and reliability.

As manufacturing becomes more sophisticated, the demand for ultra-precise and reliable sensors is at an all-time high. Key drivers include:

• High-Precision Manufacturing – Miniaturization and complex geometries require sensors with nanometer-level accuracy.
• Predictive Maintenance & Self-Healing Systems – Sensors that detect anomalies in real time prevent costly downtime and enable proactive repairs.
• Human-Robot Collaboration (HRC) & Intelligent Automation – Ultra-sensitive sensors ensure safe interaction between humans and machines.
• Autonomous Quality Control & Zero-Defect Manufacturing – AI-driven defect detection improves production efficiency and minimizes waste.
• Sustainability & Energy Efficiency in Smart Factories – Smart sensors optimize energy consumption and reduce environmental impact through adaptive control mechanisms.

1. Quantum Sensors: Unlocking Unprecedented Measurement Precision

Quantum sensors leverage principles of quantum mechanics to achieve unparalleled accuracy in detecting changes in electric, magnetic, or gravitational fields. Applications include:

• Ultra-precise gyroscopes for navigation in GPS-denied environments.
• Magnetometers for non-invasive fault detection in industrial machinery.
• Quantum-enhanced gravimeters for structural health monitoring in factories and critical infrastructure.

2. AI-Enhanced Edge Sensors for Intelligent Decision-Making

Traditional sensors generate raw data, but AI-powered sensors process and analyze this data at the edge, reducing latency and improving response times. Key benefits include:

• Self-learning capabilities to detect micro-level deviations before failures occur.
• Real-time data fusion for complex multi-sensor environments.
• AI-driven self-calibration to enhance long-term accuracy and minimize drift.

3. LiDAR and 3D Vision Sensors for High-Resolution Spatial Awareness

LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) is a critical technology in smart factories, offering:

• Millimeter-accurate object detection for precision robotic manipulation.
• 3D mapping of industrial spaces for dynamic logistics and warehouse automation.
• Precision alignment of micro-components in semiconductor and electronics manufacturing.

4. Piezoelectric and Optical Sensors for Sub-Nanometer Accuracy

Advanced piezoelectric and optical interferometric sensors are redefining precision in industrial applications:

• Sub-nanometer resolution for micro-machining and semiconductor fabrication.
• Non-contact displacement sensing for wear monitoring and material integrity assessment.
• Ultra-fast response times for real-time vibration analysis in high-speed machinery.

5. MEMS and NEMS Sensors for Scalable Miniaturized Accuracy

Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) and Nano-Electro-Mechanical Systems (NEMS) enable:

• Microfluidic sensing for real-time chemical composition monitoring.
• MEMS accelerometers for high-frequency shock and vibration detection in aerospace and defense industries.
• NEMS-based temperature sensors for extreme precision in semiconductor and biotech applications.

1. Predictive Maintenance & Self-Optimizing Machinery

Hyper-accurate sensors detect micro-failures and degradation patterns before catastrophic failures occur, allowing manufacturers to:

• Reduce unplanned downtime by up to 50% through early fault detection.
• Extend machinery lifespan by 30-40% through adaptive maintenance strategies.
• Minimize operational costs by shifting from scheduled maintenance to data-driven predictive servicing.

2. Digital Twins & AI-Powered Real-Time Simulation

A digital twin is a dynamic virtual replica of a physical system, powered by sensor data. Benefits include:

• Continuous real-time performance monitoring for process optimization.
• Virtual simulation of process changes before deployment to mitigate risks.
• AI-driven real-time decision-making for adaptive control of industrial processes.

3. Human-Robot Collaboration (HRC) & Adaptive Safety Mechanisms

For seamless interaction between humans and machines, hyper-accurate sensors enable:

• Proximity detection with sub-millimeter precision to prevent accidents.
• Haptic feedback and force sensing to enhance robotic dexterity.
• Gesture and motion recognition for intuitive human-machine interaction in manufacturing environments.

4. Zero-Defect Manufacturing & Autonomous Quality Control

Advanced sensors revolutionize automated quality inspection with:

• High-resolution optical sensors and X-ray imaging for real-time defect detection.
• AI-driven pattern recognition to identify microscopic production deviations.
• Closed-loop feedback systems that dynamically adjust manufacturing processes to prevent defects in real time.

5. Sustainable Smart Manufacturing & Energy Optimization

Smart sensors contribute to sustainability by:

• Monitoring real-time energy consumption at component and system levels.
• Optimizing heating, cooling, and power distribution for energy efficiency.
• Reducing material waste through precision control and automated resource allocation.

1. Overcoming Data Overload with AI & Edge Computing

With sensors generating terabytes of data per second, real-time processing and intelligent filtering are critical. Future research will focus on:

• AI-enhanced edge computing architectures to reduce latency.
• Neural network-driven anomaly detection for automated decision-making.
• Federated learning models to enable cross-factory data integration without compromising security.

2. Cost & Scalability of Quantum and AI Sensors

While quantum and AI-enhanced sensors offer unmatched precision, their adoption is hindered by high costs and integration complexity. Solutions include:

• Mass-scale nanofabrication for cost-effective sensor production.
• AI model optimization to enable lightweight processing on embedded systems.
• Hybrid sensor architectures that balance cost, accuracy, and efficiency.

3. Cybersecurity & Interoperability in Sensor Networks

With increasing connectivity, sensor networks are vulnerable to cyber threats. Key future developments include:

• Blockchain-secured sensor networks for data integrity.
• Universal communication protocols for seamless cross-industry adoption.
• AI-driven anomaly detection for real-time cyber threat mitigation.

Hyper-accurate sensors are the cornerstone of Industry 5.0, enabling intelligent, efficient, and sustainable industrial ecosystems. As quantum sensing, AI-enhanced analytics, and edge computing converge, we are moving toward a future where factories operate with zero waste, predictive intelligence maximizes uptime, and human-machine collaboration reaches unprecedented synergy. The next decade will witness transformative breakthroughs in sensor technology, shaping the future of smart manufacturing, robotics, and industrial automation.

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Meta-materials have emerged as an innovative class of engineered materials designed to manipulate electromagnetic, acoustic, and thermal waves in unprecedented ways. Unlike conventional materials, whose properties are defined by their chemical composition, meta-materials derive their unique functionalities from carefully structured microscopic architectures. This ability to control wave propagation has opened new frontiers in electronics, enabling advanced antennas, ultra-sensitive sensors, and high-efficiency energy systems. This article explores the principles, latest advancements, applications, and future of meta-materials in electronics.

Meta-materials exhibit unique behaviors that do not occur naturally, making them powerful tools for electronic applications. The fundamental properties include:

1. Negative Refractive Index – Meta-materials can bend electromagnetic waves in the opposite direction compared to natural materials, leading to superlenses and improved signal processing in high-frequency circuits.
2. Electromagnetic Bandgap (EBG) Control – They can be engineered to create selective frequency passbands and stopbands, essential for noise reduction and antenna design.
3. Anisotropic Conductivity – The directional control of electrical conductivity enhances circuit efficiency and minimizes power losses.
4. Subwavelength Focusing and Super-Resolution Imaging – Meta-material-based lenses enable imaging systems beyond the diffraction limit, essential for nanoscale electronics and photonics.
5. Reconfigurability and Tunability – Meta-materials can dynamically alter their electromagnetic properties through external stimuli like electric fields, mechanical deformation, or temperature changes.

1. Meta-Material-Based Antennas: Redefining Wireless Communication

Meta-material antennas have revolutionized modern communication by offering superior performance in terms of:

• Beam Steering and Beamforming – Adaptive beam control for 5G/6G networks, reducing interference and improving data throughput.
• Miniaturization – Compact, high-efficiency antennas for IoT devices and wearable electronics.
• Enhanced Signal Propagation – Meta-material coatings reduce transmission losses and improve signal strength in urban environments.

2. Ultra-Sensitive Sensors Enabled by Meta-Materials

Meta-materials play a crucial role in the development of next-generation sensors due to their ability to enhance signal detection and sensitivity. Applications include:

• Terahertz Imaging Sensors – Meta-material-based terahertz sensors offer non-invasive, high-resolution imaging for security screening and medical diagnostics.
• Environmental and Chemical Sensors – Highly selective and sensitive sensors for detecting pollutants, gases, and biological agents.
• Wearable Biosensors – Low-power, high-sensitivity sensors integrated into smart textiles for continuous health monitoring.

3. High-Efficiency Electronic Circuits and Power Systems

Meta-materials contribute significantly to the development of energy-efficient electronic systems by optimizing electromagnetic wave interactions. Advancements include:

• Meta-Material Waveguides – Improved signal integrity and reduced transmission losses in high-speed computing.
• Efficient Heat Dissipation Structures – Thermal meta-materials facilitate effective cooling solutions for microprocessors and power electronics.
• Energy Harvesting and Wireless Power Transfer – Meta-material-enhanced resonators improve efficiency in inductive and resonant coupling mechanisms.

4. Quantum Meta-Materials for Next-Generation Computing

The intersection of meta-materials and quantum mechanics is paving the way for advanced computing and sensing technologies:

• Meta-Material Superconductors – Novel superconducting structures for ultra-low-power electronic circuits.
• Photonic Meta-Materials for Quantum Information Processing – Enabling the development of ultra-secure quantum communication systems.
• Meta-Material-Based Quantum Sensors – Providing unprecedented precision in gravitational wave detection and navigation systems.

5. Optical and Display Technologies Enhanced by Meta-Materials

Meta-materials are enabling breakthroughs in next-generation display and imaging technologies:

• Meta-Surface Optics – Flat optical components that replace bulky lenses in AR/VR systems, reducing size and weight.
• Holographic and Transparent Displays – High-efficiency meta-materials enable immersive and transparent display technologies.
• Ultra-High-Resolution Imaging – Meta-material-based superlenses enhance biomedical imaging and industrial inspection.

1. Programmable and Reconfigurable Meta-Materials

Meta-materials with dynamically adjustable properties are shaping adaptive electronic systems. Key innovations include:

• Electrically Tunable Meta-Surfaces – Enabling real-time beam steering for adaptive radar and LiDAR applications.
• Mechanically Reconfigurable Meta-Materials – Structures that change optical or electromagnetic responses under mechanical stress.
• Smart Meta-Materials – AI-integrated meta-materials that self-optimize based on environmental conditions.

2. Integration of Nano-Meta-Materials with Semiconductor Technologies

Advances in nano-fabrication techniques are allowing seamless integration of meta-materials with semiconductor devices:

• Meta-Transistors – Leveraging meta-material principles for ultra-fast and low-power electronic components.
• Nano-Photonics and Plasmonic Circuits – Ultra-efficient photonic chips utilizing meta-materials for high-speed data transfer.
• Graphene-Based Meta-Materials – Harnessing the exceptional conductivity and flexibility of graphene for futuristic electronic applications.

3. Sustainable and Biodegradable Meta-Materials

The push for environmentally friendly electronics has led to the exploration of sustainable meta-materials:

• Eco-Friendly Dielectrics – Reducing toxic waste in electronic components.
• Self-Healing Meta-Materials – Extending the lifespan of electronic devices through material self-repair mechanisms.
• Recyclable and Bio-Compatible Meta-Materials – Ensuring minimal environmental impact in electronic waste management.

Despite their promising applications, several challenges remain:

• High Fabrication Complexity and Cost – Advanced manufacturing techniques are required for precise structural control at the nanoscale.
• Material Stability and Durability – Long-term reliability of meta-material structures needs improvement for commercial deployment.
• Scalability and Mass Production – Efficient large-scale production processes are needed to bring meta-material-based devices to the mainstream market.
• Regulatory and Standardization Issues – The integration of meta-materials in critical electronic systems requires adherence to safety and performance standards.

The future of meta-materials in electronics is bright, with potential game-changing innovations:

• AI-Driven Meta-Materials – Materials that self-learn and adapt to optimize electromagnetic performance dynamically.
• Hybrid Meta-Materials and Nanotechnologies – Combining nanotechnology, AI, and meta-materials to create next-generation electronic components.
• Bio-Inspired and Biomimetic Meta-Materials – Mimicking nature’s structures for energy-efficient and high-performance electronic applications.
• Space and Aerospace Applications – Lightweight, ultra-durable meta-materials for advanced communication and defense systems.

Meta-materials are driving the next wave of technological advancements in electronics by enabling unprecedented control over electromagnetic properties. From high-performance antennas and quantum computing applications to AI-driven reconfigurable circuits, these engineered materials hold the potential to reshape the future of technology. As fabrication techniques advance and challenges are addressed, meta-materials will be at the core of next-generation electronic devices, pushing the boundaries of efficiency, miniaturization, and new functionalities.

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India’s Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) continues to push the boundaries of indigenous defense innovation, with the DRDO Abhyas standing as a testament to this progress. Abhyas, a High-speed Expendable Aerial Target (HEAT) system, is designed to simulate realistic threat scenarios, providing the Indian Armed Forces with a cutting-edge platform for testing and training. True to its Sanskrit name, which means “practice,” Abhyas plays a crucial role in enhancing combat readiness by replicating aerial threats, enabling the evaluation of missile defense systems and other critical military technologies. Engineered to meet the evolving demands of modern warfare, this advanced UAV underscores India’s commitment to self-reliance in defense technology.

The DRDO Abhyas UAV is an expendable, high-speed aerial target that replicates a range of aerial threat profiles. It is an essential tool for training and testing defense personnel and weapon systems. The platform has been developed by the Aeronautical Development Establishment (ADE), a key laboratory under DRDO. The primary objective of Abhyas is to provide a cost-effective and reliable solution to simulate enemy aircraft, cruise missiles, and UAVs during military drills and equipment testing.

Abhyas boasts state-of-the-art technology, making it a versatile and efficient platform for defense applications. Key technical features include:

1. Airframe and Propulsion:
   
   • The UAV features a lightweight composite airframe designed for high-speed maneuvers.
   • It is powered by a small gas turbine engine capable of achieving high subsonic speeds, ensuring realistic simulation of aerial threats.
2. Guidance and Navigation:
   
   • Abhyas employs a Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS)-based Inertial Navigation System (INS) integrated with a Flight Control Computer (FCC).
   • This configuration allows the UAV to perform autonomous flight along pre-programmed paths with precision.
3. Launch and Recovery:
   
   • The system utilizes a rocket-assisted take-off mechanism, ensuring a quick and efficient launch.
   • Parachute-based recovery enables the safe retrieval of the UAV after mission completion.
4. Payload Capabilities:
   
   • Abhyas can be equipped with various payloads, including radar cross-section (RCS) augmentation devices, infrared (IR) flares, and electronic warfare (EW) systems, enhancing its ability to mimic diverse threat profiles.

The development of Abhyas has been a systematic process involving multiple stages of testing and validation:

• Initial Trials:The first successful trial of Abhyas was conducted in 2012, establishing proof of concept for its design and functionality.
• Subsequent Improvements:Over the years, DRDO has incorporated several enhancements, such as improved booster configurations and advanced augmentation systems for better simulation capabilities.
• Recent Achievements:In June 2024, DRDO conducted six consecutive trials at the Integrated Test Range (ITR) in Chandipur, Odisha. These trials validated the UAV’s endurance, reliability, and operational efficiency. Notably, two back-to-back launches within 30 minutes showcased its readiness for rapid deployment.

Abhyas serves a variety of roles in India’s defense ecosystem:

1. Missile Testing and Evaluation:
   
   • The UAV provides a realistic target for testing surface-to-air missiles (SAMs), air-to-air missiles (AAMs), and other defense systems, ensuring their operational readiness.
2. Training Exercises:
   
   • Abhyas aids in training defense personnel by simulating aerial threats, enhancing their combat preparedness and response strategies.
3. Electronic Warfare Training:
   
   • With its payload versatility, Abhyas can mimic electronic warfare scenarios, helping the armed forces test countermeasure systems.
4. Research and Development:
   
   • The platform’s modularity allows for the integration of experimental technologies, supporting ongoing R&D initiatives in defense.

1. Indigenous Development:
   
   • As an entirely Indian project, Abhyas reduces dependency on foreign technologies and contributes to the ‘Make in India’ initiative.
2. Cost-Effectiveness:
   
   • Being expendable, Abhyas provides a cost-efficient solution for large-scale training and testing exercises without compromising on performance.
3. Operational Versatility:
   
   • Its ability to simulate a wide range of threats makes it adaptable to various defense scenarios.
4. Ease of Deployment:
   
   • The UAV’s rocket-assisted launch and parachute recovery systems ensure quick deployment and turnaround times.

While Abhyas has proven to be a valuable asset, certain challenges remain:

• Limited Endurance:
  • As an expendable system, Abhyas has a limited operational lifespan, necessitating frequent replacements.
• Continuous Upgrades:
  • To stay relevant against evolving threats, the platform requires regular updates in terms of payload capabilities and performance metrics.

Looking ahead, DRDO plans to enhance the Abhyas platform further by integrating advanced artificial intelligence (AI) capabilities and improving its stealth characteristics. These upgrades aim to make the UAV more effective in simulating next-generation threats.

The DRDO Abhyas UAV represents a significant milestone in India’s journey towards self-reliance in defense technology. By providing a robust and flexible solution for testing and training, Abhyas not only strengthens the operational readiness of the Indian Armed Forces but also showcases the country’s capability to innovate in the field of unmanned systems. As DRDO continues to refine and expand the platform’s capabilities, Abhyas is poised to play an even more critical role in safeguarding India’s national security.

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The Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) of India has been at the forefront of developing indigenous unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) to enhance the nation’s defense capabilities. A notable addition to this endeavor is the Archer UAV, a progression from the earlier Rustom series, tailored for both surveillance and combat roles.

The Archer UAV is an evolution of the Rustom-1 platform, which was initially designed for intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR) missions. Recognizing the need for a more versatile UAV capable of engaging in combat operations, DRDO initiated modifications to the Rustom-1, leading to the development of the Archer. This transformation began in mid-2022, focusing on equipping the UAV with weapon systems suitable for precision strikes.

The Archer UAV boasts impressive operational capabilities:

• Altitude: Capable of operating at altitudes up to 22,000 feet, allowing it to conduct missions above most ground-based threats.
• Endurance: With an endurance of 12 hours, it can perform extended missions without the need for frequent returns to base.
• Range: The UAV has a range of 220 kilometers, enabling it to cover substantial areas during operations.
• Payload Capacity: Designed as a multi-payload configurable system, the Archer can be equipped with various sensors and weaponry tailored to specific mission requirements.
• Autonomy: It features autonomous take-off and landing capabilities, even on short, semi-paved runways, enhancing its operational flexibility.

These specifications underscore the Archer’s versatility in both ISR and combat roles.

A significant advancement in the Archer’s design is its weaponization. The UAV has been modified to carry out armed missions, with the integration of weapon systems such as the Smart Anti-Airfield Weapon (SAAW) and Anti-Tank Guided Missiles (ATGMs). These modifications enhance its capability to perform precision strikes, making it a formidable asset in combat scenarios.

Building upon the success of the Archer, DRDO has developed the Archer-NG (Next Generation), a Medium-Altitude Long-Endurance (MALE) UAV. The Archer-NG features a single-engine, twin-boom pusher configuration and is designed to meet the specifications of the now-downgraded TAPAS program (previously known as Rustom-II). It shares common avionics, software, Ground Control Station (GCS), and Ground Data Terminal (GDT) with TAPAS, ensuring compatibility and reducing developmental redundancies.

The Archer-NG has an all-up weight of 1,700 kg and can carry up to 400 kg of payload, making it a versatile platform for armed missions. Its roles include Intelligence, Surveillance, Target Acquisition, and Reconnaissance (ISTAR), artillery target acquisition, battlefield post-strike assessment, and precision strikes. The UAV is equipped with an indigenous Ground Control Station capable of operating 6-7 UAVs simultaneously.

In a significant move towards bolstering India’s indigenous defense manufacturing capabilities, Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL) has been selected to manufacture 20 Limited Series Production (LSP) units of the Archer UAV. These units are slated for delivery to the Indian Army and Indian Air Force for user trials. The initial four units will be utilized for air-to-surface missile fire testing, with plans to integrate various weapon systems upon successful trials.

As of latest, the Archer-NG has completed high-speed taxi trials, with its maiden flight anticipated in February 2025, likely before the Aero India 2025 airshow at Yelahanka Air Force Station. The weaponized variant is expected to be completed within the next three years, with plans to integrate laser-guided rockets, bombs, and loitering munitions with ranges up to 100 km. The prototype is currently powered by an Austro Engine E4 powerplant inherited from the TAPAS-BH-201 program. However, two indigenous UAV engines of 180hp and 220hp are being developed by the Vehicle Research and Development Establishment (VRDE) to further enhance its capabilities.

The DRDO Archer UAV represents a significant milestone in India’s pursuit of self-reliance in defense technology. Its development from a surveillance platform to a weaponized UAV underscores the nation’s commitment to enhancing its aerial combat capabilities. With the upcoming advancements in the Archer-NG variant, India is poised to strengthen its position in the global UAV landscape, showcasing the prowess of its indigenous defense research and development.

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India’s electronics manufacturing industry is experiencing rapid growth, driving a rising demand for high-performance reflow ovens—critical for soldering surface-mount components onto printed circuit boards (PCBs). To meet this demand, several Indian companies specialize in manufacturing and supplying reflow ovens, catering to both domestic and global markets. Here’s a look at some of the leading reflow oven providers in India.

1. Heller India

Heller India, a subsidiary of Heller Industries, is renowned for its advanced reflow soldering ovens. The company offers a range of products, including convection reflow soldering ovens, voidless/vacuum reflow soldering ovens, formic/fluxless reflow soldering ovens, pressure curing ovens, vertical curing ovens, and magazine curing ovens. Their reflow ovens are designed to meet the demands of surface-mount technology (SMT) reflow, semiconductor advanced packaging, consumer electronics assembly, and power device packaging. Heller India emphasizes efficiency and sustainability in its products, featuring low-height top shells, Industry 4.0 compatibility, and innovative flux management systems.

2. Leaptech Corporation

Based in Mumbai, Leaptech Corporation offers a comprehensive range of SMT equipment, including reflow soldering ovens. They are authorized distributors of ITW EAE Vitronics Soltec’s Centurion Reflow Ovens, known for their superior reliability and thermal performance. The Centurion platform features forced-convection SMT reflow systems with tight, closed-loop process control, suitable for high-throughput PCB assembly environments. Available in various zone configurations, these ovens cater to diverse production requirements. Leaptech also provides Tangteck reflow ovens, which include SMT reflow furnaces (IR & hot air), BGA soldering reflow furnaces, and curing or drying furnaces.

3. EMS Technologies

Located in Bengaluru, EMS Technologies specializes in manufacturing reflow ovens and other SMT equipment. Their product lineup includes the Konark 1020, a 10-zone reflow oven designed to cater to versatile industry needs and complex PCB types. The Konark 1020 features a PC with Windows 10 operating system, data logging traceability, adjustable blower speed, and PID closed-loop temperature control. The machine is equipped with 10 heating zones and 2 cooling zones, offering flexibility in manufacturing and higher throughput.

4. Mectronics Marketing Services

Headquartered in New Delhi, Mectronics Marketing Services provides a variety of electronic manufacturing equipment, including reflow soldering systems. They offer EPS reflow ovens designed with patented Horizontal Convection technology for even heating across the entire face of the PCB. Their product range includes traditional bench-top solder reflow ovens, batch ovens, automatic floor-style systems, hot plates, and vapor phase ovens, catering to various production scales and requirements.

5. Bergen Associates Pvt. Ltd.

Also located in New Delhi, Bergen Associates offers a range of PCB assembly equipment, including reflow ovens. They cater to both small-scale and large-scale manufacturing requirements, providing solutions that meet diverse industry needs.

6. NMTronics India Pvt. Ltd.

With offices across major cities, NMTronics is a leading provider of electronic manufacturing solutions. They supply reflow ovens from renowned global manufacturers, ensuring high-quality equipment for their clients. Their offerings are suitable for various production scales and are known for their precision and efficiency.

7. Sumitron Exports Pvt. Ltd.

Headquartered in New Delhi, Sumitron Exports provides a variety of soldering solutions, including reflow ovens. They represent several international brands and offer advanced reflow soldering systems to the Indian market, catering to the needs of modern electronics manufacturing.

8. Accurex Solutions Pvt. Ltd.

Based in Bengaluru, Accurex Solutions specializes in providing SMT and PCB assembly equipment. Their product lineup includes advanced reflow ovens designed for precision soldering, meeting the demands of high-quality electronics production.

9. Maxim SMT Technologies Pvt. Ltd.

Located in Pune, Maxim SMT Technologies offers a variety of SMT equipment, including reflow soldering machines. They focus on delivering high-performance solutions to meet the demands of modern electronics manufacturing, ensuring efficiency and reliability in their products.

10. Technosys Equipments Pvt. Ltd.

Headquartered in Bengaluru, Technosys Equipments provides a range of electronic manufacturing equipment, including reflow ovens. They emphasize innovation and quality in their product offerings, catering to various industry requirements.

These companies play a significant role in supporting India’s electronics manufacturing industry by providing reliable and advanced reflow soldering solutions. Their contributions ensure that manufacturers have access to the necessary equipment to produce high-quality electronic products efficiently.

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India’s drone industry has witnessed significant growth, driven by advancements in technology and a surge in demand across various sectors such as defense, agriculture, and infrastructure. Several companies have emerged as leaders in drone manufacturing and services, offering innovative solutions tailored to diverse applications. Here are the top 10 drone camera companies in India as of 2025:

1. IdeaForge Technology Pvt. Ltd.

Founded in 2007 by IIT Bombay alumni, IdeaForge is a pioneer in India’s UAV industry. The company specializes in designing and manufacturing drones for defense, homeland security, and industrial applications. Notable products include the Netra, a micro UAV designed for surveillance and reconnaissance missions, and the Switch UAV, known for its long-endurance capabilities. In December 2023, IdeaForge ranked 5th globally in the dual-use category (civil and defense) as per a report by Drone Industry Insights.

2. Asteria Aerospace Limited

Established in 2011 and headquartered in Bengaluru, Asteria Aerospace focuses on developing drones for defense and industrial applications. The company offers products like the A200, which received India’s first micro category drone certification in October 2022, and the A200-XT and A410-XT, both certified by the Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA). Asteria also launched SkyDeck, a cloud-based drone operations platform that provides services such as flight planning, data processing, and AI-based analysis.

3. Garuda Aerospace

Based in Chennai and founded in 2015, Garuda Aerospace offers drone solutions across various sectors, including agriculture, disaster management, and defense. The company provides custom drones, sensors, and software for aerial surveys, mapping, and inspections. Garuda has collaborated with organizations like ISRO for delivering medicines and food using drones and has been active in disaster relief efforts, such as assisting in rescue operations during the Uttarakhand avalanche in 2021. Indian cricketer Mahendra Singh Dhoni is its brand ambassador and shareholder.

4. Skylark Drones Pvt. Ltd.

Skylark Drones provides drone-based solutions for industries like agriculture, mining, and construction. Their offerings include autonomous drones, custom payloads, and mapping software. The company has partnered with leading firms such as Tata Power and Mahindra & Mahindra to implement drone-based solutions, enhancing operational efficiency and data accuracy.

5. Aarav Unmanned Systems Pvt. Ltd.

Headquartered in Bangalore, Aarav Unmanned Systems specializes in manufacturing drones for defense and commercial applications. Their product lineup includes the Nayan series for surveillance and the Cheetah series for aerial surveys and mapping. Notably, Aarav has developed a drone-based delivery system for medical supplies and emergency response services, successfully tested in collaboration with the Karnataka government.

6. Aero360

Based in Delhi, Aero360 offers a range of drone services, including aerial surveys, mapping, and photography. The company has developed proprietary software capable of processing drone data to generate accurate 3D models and maps. Aero360 has collaborated with major companies like Larsen & Toubro and the Adani Group to provide drone-based solutions for various projects.

7. Sagar Defence Engineering Pvt. Ltd.

Located in Pune, Sagar Defence Engineering focuses on providing drone solutions for defense and homeland security applications. Their Garuda series drones are designed for high-altitude, long-endurance missions, suitable for surveillance and reconnaissance. The company has also developed a drone-based anti-poaching system, tested in partnership with the Maharashtra forest department.

8. Vignan Technologies Pvt. Ltd.

Operating out of Hyderabad, Vignan Technologies offers drone solutions for agriculture, mining, and construction industries. Their products include custom drones, agricultural sensors, and mapping software. The company has developed a precision agriculture system that provides farmers with real-time data on soil moisture, temperature, and other critical parameters to enhance crop yields.

9. Omnipresent Robot Technologies Pvt. Ltd.

Based in Bangalore, Omnipresent Robot Technologies provides drone solutions for industrial inspection and maintenance. Their offerings include custom drones, sensors, and software designed to inspect infrastructure such as buildings and pipelines. The company has partnered with industry leaders like Reliance Industries and Larsen & Toubro to implement drone-based inspection solutions.

10. Tata Advanced Systems Limited (TASL)

A subsidiary of Tata Sons, TASL is involved in aerospace and defense manufacturing. The company has agreements with Israel Aerospace Industries and Urban Aeronautics for the co-development of UAVs in India. TASL has developed and successfully flight-tested a long-range kamikaze drone known as the ALS-50, capable of striking targets beyond 50 km and returning if the mission is aborted. This drone is set to be inducted into the Indian armed forces.

These companies exemplify the rapid advancement of drone technology in India, offering a range of products and services that cater to both domestic and international markets. Their innovations are contributing significantly to sectors such as defense, agriculture, infrastructure, and emergency response, positioning India as a key player in the global drone industry.

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India’s medical robotics sector is experiencing significant growth, driven by advancements in technology and a rising demand for innovative healthcare solutions. Several Indian companies have emerged as leaders in this field, developing cutting-edge robotic systems that enhance medical procedures and patient care. Here are some of the top medical robotics companies in India:

1. SS Innovations International

Founded in 2015 and headquartered in Gurugram, SS Innovations International specializes in developing robotic surgical instruments for cardiac procedures. Their flagship product, the SSI Mantra, is a surgical robotic system designed for minimally invasive surgeries across multiple specialties. The company also offers SSI Mudra endo-surgical instruments, SSI Maya mixed reality training, and SSI Yantra for multimedia recording and streaming. These innovations aim to provide a diverse range of minimally invasive robotic procedures, enhancing surgical precision and patient outcomes.

2. Makers Hive Innovations

Established in 2018 and based in Hyderabad, Makers Hive Innovations focuses on developing advanced prosthetic solutions. Their notable product, the KalArm, is a functional bionic hand designed to provide upper limb amputees with access to advanced prosthetic technology. The company aims to make this technology accessible, particularly in India and other developing countries, thereby improving the quality of life for individuals with limb loss.

3. Astrek Innovations

Astrek Innovations, founded in 2017 and headquartered in Kochi, specializes in wearable robotics for healthcare and rehabilitation. The company develops lower limb wearable robotic suits aimed at assisting gait training and rehabilitation in settings such as hospitals and physiotherapy clinics. Their products include Centaur, a gait training device, and Unik XO, an automated robotic suit designed to aid individuals with lower limb locomotion difficulties, thereby facilitating improved mobility and recovery.

4. Comofi Medtech

Comofi Medtech is a Bengaluru-based company that focuses on developing robotic solutions for surgical applications. Their innovations aim to enhance the precision and efficiency of surgical procedures, contributing to improved patient outcomes. The company’s commitment to integrating advanced robotics into healthcare addresses the growing demand for minimally invasive and accurate surgical interventions.

5. Curneu

Curneu is a medical robotics company dedicated to developing advanced robotic systems for healthcare applications. Their focus includes creating innovative solutions that assist in various medical procedures, aiming to improve accuracy and patient care. The company’s efforts contribute to the evolving landscape of medical robotics in India, addressing the need for technologically advanced healthcare solutions.

6. Theranautilus

Founded in 2020 and headquartered in Bengaluru, Theranautilus is a deep-tech company specializing in nanotechnology and healthcare. Initially a lab spin-off from the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, the company has developed devices capable of guiding nanorobots to targets deep inside dentinal tubules. Once at the site, these nanorobots can be remotely activated to deploy antibacterial mechanisms, offering a novel solution to minimize root canal failures. This innovation addresses a significant challenge in dental procedures, enhancing treatment efficacy.

7. DiFACTO Robotics and Automation

Based in Bengaluru, DiFACTO Robotics and Automation is a leading provider of robotic solutions for various industries, including healthcare. The company offers automation solutions that enhance efficiency and precision in medical applications. Their expertise in robotics and automation contributes to advancements in healthcare technology, supporting improved patient care and operational efficiency.

8. Stryker India Pvt. Ltd.

Stryker India, a subsidiary of Stryker Corporation is a global leader in medical technology. The company offers a range of surgical robots designed to assist in various medical procedures. Their robotic systems are utilized in applications such as orthopedic surgeries, providing surgeons with advanced tools to enhance precision and patient outcomes.

9. Titan Medical Inc.

Titan Medical Inc. is a medical device company that develops robotic surgical systems. With a focus on minimally invasive surgery, their technologies aim to enhance surgical capabilities and patient care. The company’s innovations contribute to the growing field of medical robotics in India, offering advanced solutions for healthcare providers.

10. Zimmer India Pvt. Ltd.

Zimmer India is a subsidiary of Zimmer Biomet, a global leader in musculoskeletal healthcare. The company offers robotic systems designed to assist in orthopedic surgeries, providing tools that enhance surgical precision and patient outcomes. Their commitment to innovation in medical robotics supports the advancement of healthcare solutions in India.

These companies exemplify the dynamic growth and innovation within India’s medical robotics sector. As technology continues to advance, these organizations are at the forefront, developing solutions that enhance medical procedures, improve patient care, and contribute to the evolving landscape of healthcare in India and beyond.

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Modern bomber jets represent the pinnacle of aerospace engineering, combining stealth, speed, payload capacity, and cutting-edge avionics. The evolution of these aircraft has been driven by the need for superior strategic deterrence, precision strikes, and the ability to operate in contested environments. Here’s a look at the top 10 bomber jets in the world as of 2025, ranked based on their technological capabilities, combat effectiveness, and future potential.

1. Northrop Grumman B-21 Raider (USA)

The B-21 Raider is the latest stealth bomber developed for the United States Air Force (USAF). Designed to replace the aging B-1B Lancer and B-2 Spirit, it features next-generation stealth technology, extended range, and AI-assisted avionics. The aircraft is optimized for both nuclear and conventional strikes, with the ability to penetrate sophisticated air defense systems. It is expected to enter service by the late 2020s.

2. Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit (USA)

The B-2 Spirit remains one of the most advanced stealth bombers ever built. Featuring a flying wing design, it can evade radar detection and deliver nuclear and conventional payloads. Though expensive to maintain, its strategic importance remains unparalleled.

3. Tupolev PAK DA (Russia)

Russia’s PAK DA, currently in development, is envisioned as a long-range stealth bomber capable of carrying hypersonic weapons. It will replace the Tu-160 and Tu-22M3 bombers, leveraging a flying wing design similar to the B-2 Spirit.

4. Tupolev Tu-160M2 (Russia)

The upgraded Tu-160M2 is an improved version of the Cold War-era Tu-160. It boasts advanced avionics, electronic warfare systems, and extended operational range, making it Russia’s premier supersonic strategic bomber.

5. Rockwell B-1B Lancer (USA)

Despite its age, the B-1B Lancer remains a formidable long-range bomber. With a variable-sweep wing design, it can reach supersonic speeds and carry a massive payload, including precision-guided munitions.

6. Xian H-20 (China)

China’s H-20 is expected to be a game-changer in strategic bombing. It is anticipated to feature advanced stealth, extended range, and the ability to deliver nuclear and conventional payloads deep into enemy territory.

7. Tupolev Tu-22M3M (Russia)

The Tu-22M3M is a modernized version of the Tu-22M3, featuring improved avionics, radar systems, and precision-guided missile capabilities. It plays a critical role in Russia’s tactical and strategic bombing operations.

8. Boeing B-52H Stratofortress (USA)

The legendary B-52H, first introduced in the 1950s, continues to serve as a backbone of the USAF’s bomber fleet. Modernized with advanced electronics and weaponry, it remains a highly effective platform for strategic operations.

9. Dassault Rafale F4 (France) – Tactical Bomber Variant

While primarily a multirole fighter, the Rafale F4 variant is equipped with advanced strike capabilities, making it a formidable tactical bomber. It carries nuclear-capable ASMP-A missiles, enhancing France’s strategic deterrence.

10. Su-34 Fullback (Russia)

The Su-34 is a tactical bomber with exceptional maneuverability and survivability. Designed for deep-strike missions, it boasts heavy payload capacity, modern avionics, and electronic warfare capabilities.

Conclusion

The evolution of bomber jets continues to shape global military strategies. While stealth and electronic warfare capabilities dominate future designs, legacy bombers remain critical with modernization programs. The coming decades will see further advancements in hypersonic weapon integration, AI-assisted operations, and next-gen stealth technologies, redefining the role of bombers in modern warfare.

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NEPCON China is the leading B2B event in the electronics assembly field. It brings
together leading industry brands, innovating new areas of IC packaging, attracting
emerging companies to join, and integrating new resources in key fields.

Its concurrent, highly interactive events include conferences, competitions, award
programs and business matchmaking, providing an incomparable business networking
and learning platform for expanding new businesses in fast-growth industries and
regions.

It helps you to explore future opportunities in new fields, such as AI, humanoid robotics,
and the low-altitude economy by learning about industry trends and gaining insight via
face-to-face exchange.

Coming this April 22-24, 2025 to the Shanghai World Expo Exhibition & Convention
Center, NEPCON China 2025 is expected to exceed 45,000 m 2 of show space, attracting
more than 500 exhibiting enterprises and brands, while hosting more than 20 industry-
relevant and engaging summits and activities. Exhibitor segments of NEPCON China 2025
will showcase SMT, test & measurement equipment, dispensing & spraying equipment, smart factory, semiconductor packaging and testing equipment, electronic components, and more. The show will additionally focus on technologies and solutions for 3C, automotive electronics, wireless communication devices and systems, new energy, and
rail transit technology with leading exhibitors including ASMPT, HANWHA, YAMAHA,
ASYS, BTU, ERSA, Omron, TRI, QUICK, and GKG.

Added show floor highlights include the Japan Electronics and Automation Zone,
Electronic Materials Zone, and the Semiconductor Packaging and Testing Live DEMO,
among other specialty zones.

NEPCON China 2025 will showcase the latest in innovative products and technologies.
NEPCON ∞ SPACE is set to unveil a dedicated smart car disassembly zone, strategically
designed to engage buyers from the smart car manufacturing supply chain. The
showcase will feature a comprehensive demonstration line for packaging and testing
processes, including the aspects of integrated circuits, optical modules, and power
modules. In addition, the event will host Country Days, factory tours, and exclusive
matchmaking sessions for overseas buyers from Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, and other specialty regions, ensuring an impressive and engaging experience for all attendees.

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In the rapidly evolving landscape of home automation, smart switches have become indispensable for enhancing convenience, energy efficiency, and security. Several top-tier smart switches stand out for their innovative features and seamless integration into modern smart homes. Below is a curated list of the 10 best smart switches to consider for your home automation needs.

1. Lutron Caséta Wireless Smart Lighting Starter Kit

Lutron’s Caséta series is renowned for its reliability and versatility. The starter kit includes a smart bridge, in-wall dimmer, and Pico remote, allowing for comprehensive lighting control. Notably, it doesn’t require a neutral wire, making it suitable for older homes. It integrates seamlessly with major smart home platforms, including Amazon Alexa, Google Assistant, and Apple HomeKit. Features include scheduling, scene setting, and remote access via the Lutron app.

2. TP-Link Kasa Smart Wi-Fi Light Switch

The Kasa HS200 offers an affordable entry into smart lighting. It requires a neutral wire and connects directly to your Wi-Fi network, eliminating the need for a hub. Compatible with Amazon Alexa and Google Assistant, it allows for voice control and scheduling through the Kasa app. The “Away Mode” feature enhances security by randomly turning lights on and off to simulate occupancy.

3. Philips Hue Smart Dimmer Switch with Remote

Designed specifically for Philips Hue lighting systems, this wireless dimmer switch offers both wall-mounted and handheld remote functionality. It supports dimming, preset lighting scenes, and white light temperature tuning. The switch is Matter-compatible and requires the Philips Hue Bridge hub for full functionality.

4. Leviton Decora Smart Wi-Fi Dimmer (DW6HD)

Leviton’s Decora Smart Wi-Fi Dimmer provides advanced lighting control with features like customizable fade rates, minimum brightness levels, and scheduling. It integrates with Amazon Alexa, Google Assistant, and Apple HomeKit, offering versatile voice control options. The My Leviton app enables remote access and automation. Installation requires a neutral wire.

5. Wemo Wi-Fi Smart Light Switch

Belkin’s Wemo Smart Light Switch connects directly to your Wi-Fi network, requiring no hub. It works with Amazon Alexa, Google Assistant, and Apple HomeKit, allowing for voice control and automation. The Wemo app provides scheduling and remote access, and the “Away Mode” enhances security by randomly turning lights on and off.

6. Honeywell Home Wi-Fi Smart Light Switch

Honeywell’s smart switch features geofencing capabilities, automatically adjusting lighting based on your location. It offers scheduling, customizable scenes, and compatibility with Amazon Alexa and Google Assistant for voice control. The switch requires a neutral wire and connects directly to Wi-Fi.

7. Smarteefi Wi-Fi Smart Switch

Smarteefi provides modular smart switches suitable for various configurations, including one, two, or four switches. Each module can be independently scheduled and controlled via the Smarteefi app, Amazon Alexa, or Google Assistant. Features include manual override, power state retention after outages, and countdown timers. These switches are designed for easy installation on standard switch plates.

8. TEQOOZ Smart Wi-Fi + Bluetooth Touch Switch

TEQOOZ offers smart touch switches in various configurations and current ratings. They can be controlled via the “Smart Life” app, Amazon Alexa, Google Assistant, and Apple Siri. Features include scheduling, scene control, and a sleek, modern design that complements contemporary home décor. Installation is straightforward, and no central hub is required.

9. Arcnics 4 Node Smart Wi-Fi Retrofit Switch

Arcnics provides a retrofit solution to convert traditional rocker switches into smart switches. Compatible with Smart Life, Alexa, and Google Assistant, it allows centralized control of all switches and appliances through the app. Installation is hassle-free, suitable for individuals with minimal electrical knowledge, and supports various switch models. Control options include Wi-Fi, mobile app, voice commands, or traditional switches.

10. Treatlife Smart Ceiling Fan Switch

Tailored specifically for ceiling fan control, Treatlife’s switch simplifies fan speed adjustments and integrates with voice assistants like Amazon Alexa and Google Assistant. Features include 4-speed fan control, scheduling, and app integration. Installation requires a neutral wire.

Conclusion

Upgrading to smart switches in 2025 offers enhanced control, energy efficiency, and security for your home. When selecting a smart switch, consider factors such as compatibility with your existing smart home ecosystem, wiring requirements, and the specific features that align with your lifestyle. The options listed above represent the forefront of smart switch technology, catering to a variety of needs and preferences.

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India’s pursuit of advanced stealth fighter technology has been a focal point in its defense modernization efforts. As of 2025, the Indian Air Force (IAF) operates a fleet that includes aircraft with varying degrees of stealth capabilities, while ambitious indigenous projects are underway to enhance its aerial prowess.

While the IAF does not currently field a fully stealth fifth-generation fighter, it operates several aircraft with stealth features:

1. Dassault Rafale: India has inducted 36 Rafale fighters, which, although not classified as fifth-generation stealth aircraft, incorporate stealthy design elements and advanced avionics to reduce radar cross-section.
2. Sukhoi Su-30MKI: The Su-30MKI is a twin-engine multirole air superiority fighter developed by Russia’s Sukhoi and built under license by India’s Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL). While not a stealth aircraft, efforts have been made to reduce its radar signature through various upgrades.

India’s most ambitious endeavor in stealth technology is the development of the Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft (AMCA), a fifth-generation stealth fighter designed to bolster the IAF’s capabilities.

In March 2024, the Cabinet Committee on Security (CCS) approved the full-scale engineering development of the AMCA, allocating over ₹15,000 crore for the creation of five prototypes and a structural test specimen. The Aeronautical Development Agency (ADA) of the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) is spearheading this project.

• Stealth Design: The AMCA will feature advanced stealth characteristics, including serpentine air intakes, internal weapon bays, radar-absorbing materials, and conformal antennas, all aimed at minimizing its radar cross-section.
• Supersonic Cruise Capability: The aircraft is expected to achieve supersonic speeds without afterburners, enhancing its operational efficiency and reducing infrared signatures.
• Advanced Avionics: Integration of sensor fusion, multi-sensor data integration, and an Active Electronically Scanned Array (AESA) radar will provide superior situational awareness and combat capabilities.

The first AMCA prototype is slated to roll out within four years from the CCS approval, with its maiden flight anticipated a year thereafter. Comprehensive flight testing and certification processes are expected to culminate in the aircraft’s induction into the IAF by 2035.

The initial two squadrons of the AMCA will be powered by GE-F414 engines, developed in collaboration with a foreign partner. Subsequent variants, designated as AMCA Mark-2, will feature more powerful engines, with potential partners including General Electric, Rolls-Royce, and Safran.

Developing a fifth-generation stealth fighter presents significant challenges, particularly in mastering stealth technology and advanced avionics. India’s previous attempt with the Kaveri engine project in the 1990s faced hurdles, underscoring the complexity of such endeavors. However, renewed efforts and international collaborations aim to overcome these obstacles.

The successful development and induction of the AMCA will position India among a select group of nations capable of producing advanced stealth fighters, significantly enhancing its air combat capabilities and strategic autonomy.

As of latest, while the Indian Air Force operates aircraft with certain stealth features, the realization of a fully indigenous stealth fighter remains a work in progress. The AMCA project represents a pivotal step toward achieving this goal, reflecting India’s commitment to advancing its defense technology and securing its airspace with homegrown solutions.

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India’s 3D printing industry has witnessed significant growth, driven by advancements in additive manufacturing technologies and a surge in demand across various sectors. Here are  ten leading 3D printing companies in India, each contributing uniquely to the nation’s technological landscape:

1. Imaginarium

Based in Mumbai, Imaginarium stands as India’s largest 3D printing and rapid prototyping company. Serving industries such as jewellery, automotive, and healthcare, they offer a comprehensive suite of services, including design validation, prototyping, and batch production. Their state-of-the-art infrastructure and technical expertise make them a preferred partner for businesses seeking innovative solutions.

2. Divide By Zero Technologies

Headquartered in Maharashtra, Divide By Zero Technologies is a prominent 3D printer manufacturer catering to small and medium enterprises. Their patented Advanced Fusion Plastic Modeling (AFPM) technology ensures high precision and reliability. Notable products include the Accucraft i250+ and Aion 500 MK2, which are utilized by industry giants like Samsung and Mahindra.

3. Altem Technologies

Operating from Bangalore, Altem Technologies provides cutting-edge 3D printing solutions using Dassault Systems’ 3D Experience Platform. Their offerings, such as ENOVIA, CATIA, and DELMIA, cater to diverse sectors including aerospace, defense, and medical. Recognized for innovation, they received the Frost & Sullivan 2017 Award for advancements in 3D printing.

4. think3D

Founded by BITS graduates, think3D is headquartered in Singapore with a significant presence in India. They offer a wide range of 3D printers, scanners, and filaments, serving clients like Microsoft, Shell, and the Indian Navy. Their customized training programs, especially for schools under the Atal Innovation Mission, highlight their commitment to education and innovation.

5. Novabeans

Established in 2014, Novabeans operates offices in Gurgaon, Delhi, and Paris. As authorized resellers of brands like Ultimaker and LeapFrog, they provide a range of 3D printing solutions. Their 3D Printing for Education Program underscores their dedication to integrating additive manufacturing into academic curricula.

6. JGroup Robotics

Specializing in Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) technology, JGroup Robotics offers 3D printers, on-demand services, and printing materials. Their printers utilize thermoplastic filaments to create precise three-dimensional objects, catering to various industrial applications.

7. 3Ding

With branches in Chennai, Bangalore, Hyderabad, and Mumbai, 3Ding is one of India’s oldest 3D printing suppliers. They offer a diverse range of 3D printers, scanners, and printing materials from leading brands. Their services include 3D design, printing, and scanning, along with workshops and training programs to promote additive manufacturing.

8. Boson Machines

Based in Maharashtra, Boson Machines is a leading 3D printing manufacturer utilizing technologies like FDM, SLA, and SLS. They offer services such as part production, injection molding, and CNC machining, providing comprehensive solutions from design to production.

9. 3D Print World

Operating under the leadership of Ankit Murarka, Aman Kedia, and founder Alok Goenka, 3D Print World offers top-tier 3D printing services and supplies printers and raw materials across India. Their commitment to delivering quality outputs promptly has established them as a trusted partner in the additive manufacturing sector.

10. Accreate Additive Labs

Co-founded by Ravi Shankar and Ravi Seshadri, Accreate Additive Labs provides design innovation in 3D printing by combining functional expertise with technological prowess. They focus on creating globally relevant intellectual property through their advanced additive manufacturing solutions.

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In recent years, the adoption of eSIM (embedded SIM) technology in India has surged, offering users enhanced flexibility and convenience in managing mobile network connections. This article provides an overview of the top eSIM providers in India, highlighting their offerings and key features.

1. Reliance Jio

Reliance Jio, a leading telecom operator in India, offers eSIM services with extensive coverage and affordable data plans. Their prepaid eSIM plans start at ₹75 for 6GB of data and extend to annual plans priced at ₹4,199, providing 740GB of data. Jio boasts over 99% population coverage across India, ensuring reliable connectivity for its users.

2. Bharti Airtel

Airtel is another major telecom provider in India offering eSIM services. Known for its robust network and customer service, Airtel provides a range of eSIM plans catering to various user needs. The activation process is straightforward, and users can manage their eSIM profiles through the Airtel Thanks app.

3. Vodafone Idea (Vi)

Vodafone Idea, commonly known as Vi, offers eSIM services to its postpaid customers. The company provides a variety of plans with competitive pricing and decent coverage across the country. However, it’s important to note that eSIM services are currently limited to postpaid users.

4. BSNL

Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL), a state-owned telecom operator, has been expanding its services to include eSIM technology. While still in the rollout phase, BSNL aims to provide eSIM options to its customers, enhancing their connectivity experience.

5. Holafly

Holafly is a Spanish company that offers international eSIM services, including plans for travelers to India. They provide unlimited data plans ranging from 5 to 30 days, with prices starting at €29. Holafly is known for its multilingual customer support and quick response times, making it a popular choice among international travellers.

6. Airalo

Airalo is a global eSIM provider offering flexible plans for travelers to India. They provide various data packages to suit different durations and usage requirements. Airalo’s user-friendly platform allows for easy activation and management of eSIM profiles, making it a convenient option for those visiting India.

7. Sim Local

Sim Local offers the Smartroam eSIM, which operates on the Reliance Jio network in India. They provide a range of data-only plans, including options for unlimited data for 7 or 15 days. Prices start at $3.75 for a 7-day 1GB plan, with larger data packages available for extended stays. Sim Local’s money-back guarantee and allowance of WiFi hotspots add to its appeal.

8. Zetexa

Founded in India, Zetexa provides mobile internet connection services for tourists and international travelers through their international eSIM offerings. The company focuses on delivering seamless connectivity solutions, catering to the needs of travelers seeking reliable internet access during their stay in India.

9. Cavli Wireless

Cavli Wireless is an American technology company with a significant presence in India, where it has an R&D center and a manufacturing facility. The company develops cellular IoT modules with embedded SIM (eSIM) technology, aiming to improve connectivity and subscription management for IoT devices. Cavli Wireless partners with global telecommunications providers to offer IoT solutions, contributing to the advancement of eSIM technology in India.

10. Maya Mobile

Maya Mobile offers 30-day data plans for travelers to India, providing a balance between affordability and data allowance. Their eSIM services are designed to cater to the needs of international travelers seeking reliable internet connectivity during their stay in India.

In conclusion, the eSIM landscape in India is evolving, with both domestic telecom operators and international providers offering a variety of plans to meet the diverse needs of users. Whether you’re a resident seeking flexibility or a traveller aiming for seamless connectivity, the options listed above provide a range of choices to suit different requirements.

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How to engage young learners and introduce them to coding? The most fun option is by playing games. Starting 2023, ST volunteers have developed a “Storyteller Robot” project and brought it to schools in the suburbs of Milan. By using a robot, this project helps young students in kindergartens and primary schools understand what coding means.

The goal of this project, like others developed by ST, is to promote knowledge of STEM subjects and careers in the scientific and technological fields. These skills are increasingly in demand in the job market. Additionally, this type of activity helps develop soft skills such as communication and teamwork from an early age, enhancing cohesion among participants.

The project Narrativa digitale (“Digital storytelling”) was born in 2023, thanks to the idea of some ST employees (Achille Colombo, Lavinia Fabrello, Luca Proverbio, Ramona Scaramuzzino, and Bruno Zappia), with the support of the colleagues Luisa Fracassini, Antonella Redaelli, and Ornella Tavilla. Its main objective is the reduction of the digital divide – a goal to which ST has always been committed through various types of knowledge dissemination and training activities:

• The ST Foundation is ST’s non-profit corporate foundation that aims to bridge the digital divide through education in communities around the world. It operates in 12 countries across Europe, Asia and Africa and is led by volunteers who design tailor-made programs for different groups of people, including children, adults, people with disabilities and seniors.
• The STEM your way program aims to inspire the next generation to study science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM), thus developing the knowledge and skills needed to succeed in a technology-driven world. Many ST sites organize or take part at events to promote STEM education and allow young people to explore STEM-related careers. For example, ST Italy organizes innovation days for students in Naples and participates at the Maker Faire in Rome. In Singapore we host secondary school pupils and teachers to promote careers in electronics, while in France we take part at Extraordinary Factory (L’Usine Extraordinaire). STEM Your way also includes local events that are aimed at engaging younger people and connect with local communities, including local schools.

Through these activities ST employees make their skills and time available, excited by the idea of ​​transmitting their technical and cultural background built up during the years of work in the company. Some of the volunteers of Narrativa Digitale have twenty years of experience in volunteering for ST Foundation and this helped them to design the “Storyteller Robot”  project for schools.

In particular, this activity aims to introduce coding to primary schools as part of the broader objective to expand the reach and audience of our events and instilling a love for technology and STEM subjects even in preschool age.

The idea of ​​creating a training opportunity in primary schools was sparked thanks to a fortuitous conversation that one of our volunteers had with a teacher from an elementary school in Milan. The goal was to inaugurate the project in 2024 and then expand it. The Storyteller Robot has not only been used for activities in schools but also during an ST event held in Monza in October 2024, which was mainly aimed at primary and secondary school students.

The trainers who took part in the project Narrativa Digitale are ST employees (Ramona Scaramuzzino, Luca Proverbio, Lavinia Fabrello, Achille Colombo and Bruno Zappia, Domenico Genova, Laura Bonini) and have several years of experience in school activities. They also followed specific training (dedicated to a previous project – Coding and Learning), which was the result of a collaboration between ST Foundation, Università Cattolica and Fondazione ACRA.

Before being launched, the project was submitted for approval to the teaching staff of the beneficiary schools. At each meeting there were two trainers and the class teaching staff, who already knew the students, and gave useful advice on how to involve the children in the various activities. To date, the participants have been 8–9-year-old students from elementary schools (two classes from Cornaredo and one from Cerro Maggiore) and 5–6-year-old children from the last year of kindergarten (a class in Cerro Maggiore and one in San Vittore Olona), thus involving more than one hundred children. Extending the audience so much was a first for ST, which before this occasion had never addressed kindergarten children.

A fundamental requirement of the organized activities is the small size of the groups involved. The activity is a team game, which could not work properly if there is no effective communication between participants. The small number of groups formed favored the collaboration and proactive participation of each student.

The Storyteller Robot is a little robot mouse with a button panel on its back and, in this activity, is programmed by children to move in space and tell a story. The mouse does not have a voice, but children lend him one, as he moves around on a path, from one episode of the story to another.

This mouse is 10 cm long and can memorize 40 commands. Specifically, the robot moves on an obstacle course, with the aim of proceeding from point A to point B while avoiding obstacles. The “problem solving” work is done at the desk in a group on sheets of paper while the verification part is done on the carpet where the children take turns to impersonate the robot. During the activity, programming sections and subsequent verification of the code are carried out: all the children can try to insert the commands, after having defined them on paper with their classmates, and see the result.

Each meeting is characterized by a theoretical introduction given by our volunteers, followed by the practical activity, in which ideas and results are shared. Specifically, the activities are generally structured in four lessons:

• First Lesson: Coding unplugged

During the first lesson, the goal is to introduce children to the concept of coding without the use of digital devices, that is “coding unplugged”. Children learn to write code on paper that will allow them to perform a mission and move in space. Then a child impersonates the robot and moves on a modular foam mat: the moves are based on the instructions given by the classmates, who read the code previously written together.

• Second Lesson: Programming the Robot

The “Robot Minstrel” device appears for the first time. The children receive recipes for which ingredients are needed. These ingredients are represented in a paper grid on which the mouse will then have to move.

In this case the children write the code together on paper and then validate it via the mouse who will have to move and collect all the ingredients for the recipe.

• Third Lesson: representing a story

In this lesson, the ST volunteers are absent, and it is the class teacher who leads the activity. The goal is to stimulate creativity and group work through a real story. The teacher tells a story and the children, divided into 6 groups, must produce drawings representing a part of the story. Each group produces 2 drawings, for a total of 12 drawings to then apply on the paper grid that corresponds to 12 stages of the story.

• Fourth Lesson: coding and storytelling

During the last meeting, ST volunteers return to integrate the coding with the story of the previous lesson.

The children, still divided into 6 groups, write the code for the two stages of the story assigned to them (which correspond to the two drawings they created). Each group writes the code for their part of the story and checks it with the mouse on the grid. After this planning and verification phase, everyone reads the story together and moves the mouse, joining the various parts of the code written by the different groups.

Each group has to carefully plan, through the code, the movements of the mouse starting from the point where it had stopped in the previous stage. For this activity precision, collaboration and problem-solving are essential, in case it is necessary to adjust the code along the way.

The results of the activities are multiple and touch different spheres of both learning and communication. Through questionnaires, we collected feedback from children, volunteers and teaching staff.

The children’s feedback was more than positive and 98% of them appreciated the proposed activities. All the children were able to collaborate fruitfully with their classmates to create a successful outcome. They learned to divide a problem into several parts and then tackle it as a whole and they experienced that what is planned on paper does not always work during the testing part. They also learned that a mistake is not a failure but that sometimes it can even be an opportunity to improve something that already exists or create something new.

The answers to the questionnaire also revealed a surprising aspect: regardless of the class and school, for most children, interacting and working with their classmates was the greatest challenge. This analysis may provide ideas for the teachers who participated, who could develop similar activities to foster cohesion among students.

The volunteers also learned from the training experiences. For example, they understood how fundamental it is to be able to manage the “dead time” between one shift and another: currently, in fact, each group must wait its turn to interact with the robot. To improve, it is necessary to optimize this wait and make it more productive and fun, introducing secondary activities for the groups that are waiting their turn.

What moved us the most was seeing how this collective activity could create inclusion among children and involve those with disabilities. Classmates helped each other to complete the activity and achieve the goals.

The main goal of this activity was to spark interest in scientific subjects, while playing a game. The main target was students, but teachers and parents were also enthusiastic. With this project we demonstrated how a single methodology can be used in different ways: coding can be taken out of the usual computer science class and mixed with other subjects such as language learning, technology, art, geography and civic education.

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Stealth fighter jets represent the pinnacle of modern military aviation, integrating advanced materials, aerodynamics, and electronic warfare capabilities to reduce their radar and infrared signatures. Below are the top 10 stealth fighter jets in the world, ranked based on their technology, combat effectiveness, and operational capabilities.

1. Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor (USA)

The Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor is a fifth-generation air superiority stealth fighter designed for unmatched dominance in aerial combat. Powered by twin Pratt & Whitney F119-PW-100 engines with thrust vectoring, it offers extreme maneuverability and supercruise capability at Mach 2.25. Its AN/APG-77 AESA radar provides superior situational awareness, while stealth technology minimizes radar cross-section (RCS). The F-22 carries AIM-120 AMRAAM and AIM-9X Sidewinder missiles in internal bays for reduced detectability. With integrated electronic warfare and sensor fusion, the F-22 excels in beyond-visual-range engagements, making it the most advanced operational fighter in the world.

2. Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II (USA)

The Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II is a state-of-the-art, multirole fifth-generation stealth fighter designed for air superiority, ground attack, and electronic warfare. Developed under the Joint Strike Fighter (JSF) program, it comes in three variants: F-35A (conventional takeoff), F-35B (short takeoff/vertical landing – STOVL), and F-35C (carrier-based operations). Equipped with an AN/APG-81 AESA radar, Distributed Aperture System (DAS) for 360-degree situational awareness, and sensor fusion capabilities, the F-35 provides unmatched battlefield connectivity. Its Pratt & Whitney F135 engine enables Mach 1.6 speed, while stealth coatings reduce radar detection, making it one of the most advanced fighters in service today.

3. Sukhoi Su-57 Felon (Russia)

The Sukhoi Su-57 Felon is Russia’s first fifth-generation stealth multirole fighter, designed to excel in air superiority and strike missions. Developed by Sukhoi for the Russian Air Force, it incorporates stealth technology, supercruise capability, and advanced avionics. The Su-57 is powered by twin Saturn AL-41F1 engines, with future upgrades expected to include the more powerful Izdeliye 30 engines for enhanced thrust and fuel efficiency. Equipped with the N036 Byelka AESA radar and L-band wing-mounted radars, it boasts superior detection capabilities. With internal weapons bays for reduced radar cross-section (RCS), the Su-57 is Russia’s answer to Western fifth-generation fighters like the F-22 and F-35.

4. Chengdu J-20 Mighty Dragon (China)

The Chengdu J-20 Mighty Dragon is China’s premier fifth-generation stealth fighter, developed by Chengdu Aerospace Corporation for the People’s Liberation Army Air Force (PLAAF). Designed for air superiority and deep-strike missions, it features stealth shaping, canard-delta wing configuration, and diverterless supersonic inlets (DSI) to minimize radar cross-section (RCS). The J-20 is currently powered by WS-10C engines, with future integration of WS-15 engines for improved supercruise. It is equipped with an AESA radar, advanced electronic warfare systems, and long-range PL-15 BVRAAMs. As China’s most advanced fighter, the J-20 enhances Beijing’s strategic reach and challenges Western air dominance.

5. Shenyang FC-31 Gyrfalcon (China)

The Shenyang FC-31 Gyrfalcon is China’s second fifth-generation stealth fighter, developed by Shenyang Aircraft Corporation primarily for export and potential naval carrier operations. Featuring stealth-optimized aerodynamics, twin WS-19 engines, and an AESA radar, the FC-31 is designed for multirole combat, including air superiority and precision strikes. Its internal weapons bay reduces radar cross-section (RCS), while advanced sensor fusion enhances situational awareness. The FC-31 is often compared to the F-35, offering a cost-effective alternative for international buyers. With ongoing improvements, it may become a key component of China’s future carrier-based fighter fleet for the PLAN (People’s Liberation Army Navy).

6. KAI KF-21 Boramae (South Korea)

The KAI KF-21 Boramae is South Korea’s next-generation 4.5-generation multirole fighter, developed by Korea Aerospace Industries (KAI) in partnership with Indonesia. Designed for air superiority and strike missions, it features stealth-optimized shaping, an AESA radar, and advanced avionics. Powered by twin General Electric F414-GE-400K engines, the KF-21 achieves Mach 1.8 with enhanced maneuverability. It integrates beyond-visual-range (BVR) missiles, including MBDA Meteor and AIM-120 AMRAAM, with plans for future internal weapons bays for stealthier operations. As South Korea’s most ambitious defense project, the KF-21 aims to bridge the gap between 4th- and 5th-generation fighters, bolstering regional air power.

7. Mikoyan MiG-41 (Russia, Under Development)

The Mikoyan MiG-41 is Russia’s next-generation sixth-generation interceptor, currently under development by Mikoyan (MiG) Design Bureau as a successor to the MiG-31 Foxhound. Designed for hypersonic speeds exceeding Mach 4, the MiG-41 will feature stealth technology, AI-assisted avionics, and advanced long-range weaponry. It is expected to operate in near-space environments, utilizing anti-satellite (ASAT) capabilities and next-generation air-to-air missiles. Equipped with a powerful AESA radar and advanced electronic warfare systems, the MiG-41 will enhance Russia’s air defense and strategic deterrence. Slated for deployment by the 2030s, it aims to be the world’s fastest and most advanced interceptor.

8. HAL AMCA (India, Under Development)

The HAL AMCA (Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft) is India’s first fifth-generation stealth fighter, being developed by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) and the Aeronautical Development Agency (ADA) for the Indian Air Force (IAF). Designed for multirole operations, it features stealth technology, supercruise capability, and an advanced AESA radar. Powered by twin indigenously developed engines (initially GE F414, later a more powerful variant), the AMCA will carry internal and external weapons, including BVR missiles and precision-guided munitions. With sensor fusion, AI-based avionics, and network-centric warfare capabilities, the AMCA aims to bolster India’s air superiority, complementing Tejas and Rafale fighters by the 2030s.

9. Tempest (UK-led, Under Development)

The Tempest is a next-generation sixth-generation stealth fighter, being developed under the UK-led Global Combat Air Programme (GCAP) in collaboration with Italy and Japan. Designed to replace the Eurofighter Typhoon by the 2030s, Tempest will feature AI-assisted avionics, advanced sensor fusion, and optionally crewed capabilities. Powered by a next-gen adaptive cycle engine, it will enable supercruise and enhanced fuel efficiency. The aircraft will incorporate directed energy weapons, swarming drones, and advanced electronic warfare systems. With an emphasis on stealth, hypersonic weaponry, and cloud-based data sharing, Tempest aims to secure air dominance for NATO allies well into the future.

10. NGAD (Next Generation Air Dominance, USA, Under Development)
The Next Generation Air Dominance (NGAD) program is a U.S. Air Force initiative focused on developing advanced air combat systems to maintain air superiority in future conflicts. Currently under development, NGAD aims to create a family of interconnected, cutting-edge technologies, including advanced fighter aircraft, sensors, and artificial intelligence, to outpace emerging threats. The program seeks to integrate next-gen platforms capable of high-speed operations, advanced stealth features, and enhanced connectivity, ensuring the U.S. retains its dominance in the air domain for decades. NGAD is considered pivotal to evolving air warfare strategies in an increasingly complex and contested global environment.

Conclusion
Stealth fighters continue to evolve, integrating advanced materials, AI-driven avionics, and hypersonic weaponry. As air combat dynamics shift, future generations of stealth fighters will play a decisive role in global defense strategy. The emergence of sixth-generation programs like NGAD and Tempest suggests that air dominance will increasingly depend on networked warfare, artificial intelligence, and directed-energy weapons.

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• Q4 net revenues $3.32 billion; gross margin 37.7%; operating margin 11.1%; net income $341 million
• FY net revenues $13.27 billion; gross margin 39.3%; operating margin 12.6%; net income $1.56 billion
• Business outlook at mid-point: Q1 net revenues of $2.51 billion and gross margin of 33.8%
• Start of the company-wide program to resize global cost base*

STMicroelectronics, a global semiconductor leader serving customers across the spectrum of electronics applications, reported U.S. GAAP financial results for the fourth quarter ended December 31, 2024. This press release also contains non-U.S. GAAP measures (see Appendix for additional information).

ST reported fourth quarter net revenues of $3.32 billion, gross margin of 37.7%, operating margin of 11.1%, and net income of $341 million or $0.37 diluted earnings per share.

Jean-Marc Chery, ST President & CEO, commented:

• “FY24 revenues decreased 23.2% to $13.27 billion. Operating margin was 12.6% compared to 26.7% in FY23 and net income decreased 63.0% to $1.56 billion. We invested $2.53 billion in Net Capex (non-U.S. GAAP) while delivering free cash flow (non-U.S. GAAP) of $288 million.”
• “Q4 net revenues were in line with the mid-point of our business outlook range driven by higher revenues in Personal Electronics offset by lower revenues in Industrial, while Automotive and CECP were as expected. Q4 gross margin of 37.7% was broadly in line with the mid-point of our business outlook range.”
• “Our book-to-bill ratio remained below 1 in Q4 as we continued to face a delayed recovery and inventory correction in Industrial and a slowdown in Automotive, both particularly in Europe.”
• “Our first quarter business outlook, at the mid-point, is for net revenues of $2.51 billion, decreasing year-over-year by 27.6% and decreasing sequentially by 24.4%; gross margin is expected to be about 33.8%, impacted by about 500 basis points of unused capacity charges.”
• “For 2025, we plan to invest between $2.0 to $2.3 billion in Net Capex (non-U.S. GAAP).”

Quarterly Financial Summary (U.S. GAAP)

* For each of the concerned countries, the start of the program will take place in accordance with applicable regulations. 

Annual Financial Summary (U.S. GAAP)

Fourth Quarter 2024 Summary Review

Reminder: On January 10, 2024, ST announced a new organization which implied a change in segment reporting starting Q1 2024. Prior year comparative periods have been adjusted accordingly. See Appendix for more detail.

Net revenues totaled $3.32 billion, representing a year-over-year decrease of 22.4%. Year-over-year net sales to OEMs and Distribution decreased 19.8% and 28.7%, respectively. On a sequential basis, net revenues increased 2.2%, in line with the mid-point of ST’s guidance.

Gross profit totaled $1.25 billion, representing a year-over-year decrease of 35.7%. Gross margin of 37.7%, 30 basis points below the mid-point of ST’s guidance, decreased 780 basis points year-over-year, mainly due to product mix and, to a lesser extent, to sales price and higher unused capacity charges.

Operating income decreased 64.0% to $369 million, compared to $1.02 billion in the year-ago quarter. ST’s operating margin decreased 1,280 basis points on a year-over-year basis to 11.1% of net revenues, compared to 23.9% in the fourth quarter of 2023.

By reportable segment1, compared with the year-ago quarter:

In Analog, Power & Discrete, MEMS and Sensors (APMS) Product Group:

Analog products, MEMS and Sensors (AM&S) segment:

• Revenue decreased 15.5% mainly due to decreases in Analog and in Imaging.
• Operating profit decreased by 41.2% to $176 million. Operating margin was 14.7% compared to 21.1%.

Power and Discrete products (P&D) segment:

• Revenue decreased 22.1%.
• Operating profit decreased by 63.7% to $89 million. Operating margin was 11.9% compared to 25.4%.

In Microcontrollers, Digital ICs and RF products (MDRF) Product Group:

Microcontrollers (MCU) segment:

• Revenue decreased 30.2% mainly due to a decrease in GP MCU.
• Operating profit decreased by 66.4% to $127 million. Operating margin was 14.3% compared to 29.8%.

Digital ICs and RF products (D&RF) segment:

• Revenue decreased 22.8% mainly due to a decrease in ADAS (automotive ADAS and infotainment).
• Operating profit decreased by 33.2% to $149 million. Operating margin was 31.0% compared to 35.7%.

Net income and diluted Earnings Per Share decreased to $341 million and $0.37 respectively compared to $1.08 billion and $1.14 respectively in the year-ago quarter. As a reminder, the fourth quarter 2023 net income included a one-time non-cash income tax benefit of $191 million.

Cash Flow and Balance Sheet Highlights

Net cash from operating activities was $681 million in the fourth quarter compared to $1.48 billion in the year-ago quarter. For the full-year 2024, net cash from operating activities decreased 50.5% to $2.97 billion, which represents 22.3% of total revenues.

Net Capex (non-U.S. GAAP), were $470 million in the fourth quarter and $2.53 billion for the full year 2024. In the respective year-ago periods, net capital expenditures were $798 million and $4.11 billion.

Free cash flow (non-U.S. GAAP) was $128 million and $288 million in the fourth quarter and full year 2024, respectively, compared to $652 million and $1.77 billion in the year-ago respective periods.

Inventory at the end of the fourth quarter was $2.79 billion, compared to $2.88 billion in the previous quarter and $2.70 billion in the year-ago quarter. Days sales of inventory at quarter-end was 122 days, compared to 130 days in the previous quarter, and 104 days in the year-ago quarter.

In the fourth quarter, ST paid cash dividends to its stockholders totaling $88 million and executed a $92 million share buy-back, as part of its current share repurchase program.

ST’s net financial position (non-U.S. GAAP) was $3.23 billion as of December 31, 2024, compared to $3.18 billion as of September 28, 2024 and reflected total liquidity of $6.18 billion and total financial debt of $2.95 billion. Adjusted net financial position (non-U.S. GAAP), taking into consideration the effect on total liquidity of advances from capital grants for which capital expenditures have not been incurred yet, stood at $2.85 billion as of December 31, 2024.

Corporate developments

In Q4, we announced the launch of a new company-wide program to reshape our manufacturing footprint accelerating our wafer fab capacity to 300mm Silicon (Agrate and Crolles) and 200mm Silicon Carbide (Catania) and resizing our global cost base.

This program should result in strengthening our capability to grow our revenues with an improved operating efficiency resulting in annual cost savings in the high triple-digit million-dollar range exiting 2027. Specifically in terms of operating expenses (SG&A and R&D), ST expects annual cost savings totaling $300 to 360 million, exiting 2027, compared to the cost base of 2024.

Business Outlook

ST’s guidance, at the mid-point, for the 2025 first quarter is:

• Net revenues are expected to be $2.51 billion, a decrease of 24.4% sequentially, plus or minus 350 basis points.
• Gross margin of 33.8%, plus or minus 200 basis points.
• This outlook is based on an assumed effective currency exchange rate of approximately $1.06 = €1.00 for the 2025 first quarter and includes the impact of existing hedging contracts.
• The first quarter will close on March 29, 2025.

Conference Call and Webcast Information

A live webcast (listen-only mode) of the conference call will be accessible at ST’s website, https://investors.st.com, and will be available for replay until February 14, 2025.

Use of Supplemental Non-U.S. GAAP Financial Information

This press release contains supplemental non-U.S. GAAP financial information.

Readers are cautioned that these measures are unaudited and not prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP and should not be considered as a substitute for U.S. GAAP financial measures. In addition, such non-U.S. GAAP financial measures may not be comparable to similarly titled information from other companies. To compensate for these limitations, the supplemental non-U.S. GAAP financial information should not be read in isolation, but only in conjunction with ST’s consolidated financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP.

See the Appendix of this press release for a reconciliation of ST’s non-U.S. GAAP financial measures to their corresponding U.S. GAAP financial measures.

Forward-looking Information

Some of the statements contained in this release that are not historical facts are statements of future expectations and other forward-looking statements (within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933 or Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, each as amended) that are based on management’s current views and assumptions, and are conditioned upon and also involve known and unknown risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results, performance or events to differ materially from those anticipated by such statements due to, among other factors:

• changes in global trade policies, including the adoption and expansion of tariffs and trade barriers, that could affect the macro-economic environment and adversely impact the demand for our products;
• uncertain macro-economic and industry trends (such as inflation and fluctuations in supply chains), which may impact production capacity and end-market demand for our products;
• customer demand that differs from projections which may require us to undertake transformation measures that may not be successful in realizing the expected benefits in full or at all;
• the ability to design, manufacture and sell innovative products in a rapidly changing technological environment;
• changes in economic, social, public health, labor, political, or infrastructure conditions in the locations where we, our customers, or our suppliers operate, including as a result of macroeconomic or regional events, geopolitical and military conflicts, social unrest, labor actions, or terrorist activities;
• unanticipated events or circumstances, which may impact our ability to execute our plans and/or meet the objectives of our R&D and manufacturing programs, which benefit from public funding;
• financial difficulties with any of our major distributors or significant curtailment of purchases by key customers;
• the loading, product mix, and manufacturing performance of our production facilities and/or our required volume to fulfill capacity reserved with suppliers or third-party manufacturing providers;
• availability and costs of equipment, raw materials, utilities, third-party manufacturing services and technology, or other supplies required by our operations (including increasing costs resulting from inflation);
• the functionalities and performance of our IT systems, which are subject to cybersecurity threats and which support our critical operational activities including manufacturing, finance and sales, and any breaches of our IT systems or those of our customers, suppliers, partners and providers of third-party licensed technology;
• theft, loss, or misuse of personal data about our employees, customers, or other third parties, and breaches of data privacy legislation;
• the impact of intellectual property (“IP”) claims by our competitors or other third parties, and our ability to obtain required licenses on reasonable terms and conditions;
• changes in our overall tax position as a result of changes in tax rules, new or revised legislation, the outcome of tax audits or changes in international tax treaties which may impact our results of operations as well as our ability to accurately estimate tax credits, benefits, deductions and provisions and to realize deferred tax assets;
• variations in the foreign exchange markets and, more particularly, the U.S. dollar exchange rate as compared to the Euro and the other major currencies we use for our operations;
• the outcome of ongoing litigation as well as the impact of any new litigation to which we may become a defendant;
• product liability or warranty claims, claims based on epidemic or delivery failure, or other claims relating to our products, or recalls by our customers for products containing our parts;
• natural events such as severe weather, earthquakes, tsunamis, volcano eruptions or other acts of nature, the effects of climate change, health risks and epidemics or pandemics in locations where we, our customers or our suppliers operate;
• increased regulation and initiatives in our industry, including those concerning climate change and sustainability matters and our goal to become carbon neutral by 2027 on scope 1 and 2 and partially scope 3;
• epidemics or pandemics, which may negatively impact the global economy in a significant manner for an extended period of time, and could also materially adversely affect our business and operating results;
• industry changes resulting from vertical and horizontal consolidation among our suppliers, competitors, and customers; and
• the ability to successfully ramp up new programs that could be impacted by factors beyond our control, including the availability of critical third-party components and performance of subcontractors in line with our expectations.

Such forward-looking statements are subject to various risks and uncertainties, which may cause actual results and performance of our business to differ materially and adversely from the forward-looking statements. Certain forward-looking statements can be identified by the use of forward-looking terminology, such as “believes”, “expects”, “may”, “are expected to”, “should”, “would be”, “seeks” or “anticipates” or similar expressions or the negative thereof or other variations thereof or comparable terminology, or by discussions of strategy, plans or intentions.

Some of these risk factors are set forth and are discussed in more detail in “Item 3. Key Information — Risk Factors” included in our Annual Report on Form 20-F for the year ended December 31, 2023 as filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) on February 22, 2024. Should one or more of these risks or uncertainties materialize, or should underlying assumptions prove incorrect, actual results may vary materially from those described in this press release as anticipated, believed or expected. We do not intend, and do not assume any obligation, to update any industry information or forward-looking statements set forth in this release to reflect subsequent events or circumstances.

Unfavorable changes in the above or other factors listed under “Item 3. Key Information — Risk Factors” from time to time in our Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) filings, could have a material adverse effect on our business and/or financial condition.

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