Новини світу мікро- та наноелектроніки

Professor Richard Hogg, chief technical officer at III–V Epi Ltd of Glasgow, Scotland, UK — which provides a molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) and metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) service for custom compound semiconductor wafer design, manufacturing, test and characterization —advocates using gallium arsenide (GaAs) epitaxial regrowth for many emerging semiconductor laser applications. Gallium arsenide is a less proven material system than indium phosphide (InP), which is commonly used in high-volume 5G, datacom, telecom and co-packaged optics applications...

The recent design idea (DI) “Negative time-constant and PWM program a versatile ADC front end” disclosed an inventive programmable gain amplifier with integral samples-and-holds. The circuit schematic from the DI appears in Figure 1. Briefly, a PWM signal controls the switches shown. In the X0 positions, a differential signal connected to the inputs of op amps U1a and U1b drives a new voltage sample across capacitor C1 through switches U2a and U2b. Because switch U2c’s X-to-X1 connection is open, capacitor C2 is “holding” a version of the previous sample. This “held” version was amplified by the subcircuit consisting of U2a, U2b, U1c, C1, R1, R2, and R3 with switches in the X1 position. The U1c-based gain-of-two amplifier applies positive feedback through R1 and U2a to the load of C1 in series with the resistance of U2b. This causes the voltage across the load to increase exponentially (with a positive time constant), affording a gain which is a function of the time period that the switches are in the X1 position. The advantage of this approach is that programmable, wideband gains of 60 dB or more can be achieved because the op amps’ maximum closed loop gain is only 6 dB; bandwidth is not sacrificed to achieve a high closed-loop gain.

Wow the engineering world with your unique design: Design Ideas Submission Guide

Figure 1 Two generic chips and five passives make a versatile and unconventional ADC front end.

As with any design, this one has errors and characteristics whose nature must be understood before compensation can be considered. These include passive component tolerances; op amp input currents (negligible) and offset voltages; switch turn-on and turn-off times; leakage currents; as well as resistances and switching-induced charge injections. A non-obvious error can also exist which might be termed a “dead zone”. At time t = 0 when the X1 positions are initially active, the sum of a positive low amplitude VIN – (-VIN) input voltage sample and various errors can yield a negative voltage at the non-inverting input of U1c. Consequentially, U1c’s output voltage would not trend positive and, assuming the analog-to-digital converter (ADC) driven by VOUT accepts only positive voltages, the circuit would not work properly. To understand how to bound this undesirable behavior and for other reasons, it’s wise to develop equations to analyze circuit behavior. Some analytic simplicity is possible when the switches are in the X0 position and operation is mostly intuitive. But operation in the X1 position will require a bit of a deeper dive.

Charge injection error

Op amp input offset voltages and switch resistances are commonly well-understood. As for switch leakage current and charge injection, there’s a referencei that provides an excellent discussion of each. Charge injection Q is most pernicious when the switch transitions from “on” to “off” and a switch terminal is connected to a circuit path which includes a capacitor C and is characterized by a high resistance.

This extends the time for the error voltage Q/C impressed upon the capacitor to “bleed off”. This is not a concern for U2b’s X pin at any time, because both X0 and X1 positions provide a low “on” resistance path. But it must be considered for U2a and U2c when respectively, X0 and X1 turn off. For U2a, X1 is in series with relatively large resistance R1. When U2c’s X1 is turned off and C2 is in hold mode (allowing an analog to digital conversion), C2 sees X1’s multi-megaohm “off” resistance. There is no mechanism to bleed off and recover from U2c’s charge injection error; it is inherent in circuit operation until the PWM reactivates X1 for “tracking” mode, during which time conversions are precluded.

Leakage current

This same high resistance might create a real problem due to leakage current. Such currents flow continuously from U2’s power supplies through its internal ESD diodes to the switch terminals. What saves the circuit from these errors is that an analog to digital (A-to-D) conversion of VOUT can be triggered quickly after X1 turns off, before significant leakage current errors can accumulate. Leakage from terminal X of U2b can be ignored because as mentioned before, it’s always connected to a low resistance through X1 to ground or X0 to U1b’s output. Not so the X terminal of U2a with its connection to moderately high resistance R1. Here the leakage current effect must be considered.

LTspice model and equation validation

Taking all this into account, equations can be developed with reference to the circuit seen in Figure 2. Figure 2 is an illustration of the LTspice file developed to model Figure 1 circuit operation and compare it with the equations (which are also evaluated in the file) to ensure their accuracies.

U2a charge injection is not explicitly shown in the circuit, but is incorporated by summing it with the intended input sample voltage Vin in the .param Vc0 statement. The .param statements and the circuit constitute the model. These statements and the algebraic expressions assigned to voltage sources eq_1 and eq_VOUT validate the equations by allowing direct comparisons with the performance of the model. This is accomplished by graphing simulations of the circuit and evaluations of the voltage sources and confirming that eq_1 = e_1 and that eq_Vout = Vout. Not accounted for are switch turn on and turn off times. Their effects will be addressed later.

Figure 2 The LTspice file comparing the performances of the circuit model and the equations developed of it.

Reference Figure 1 and Figure 2, particularly Figure 2’s .param statements. At time t = 0 when the X0 switches turn off and the X1’s turn on, the voltage across C1 has been initialized to Vc0 as seen in the C1 initial condition (IC) and the .param Vc0 statements. We can write that the current (w) through C1 can be seen in [1].

Therefore:

Assuming a solution of the form:    

Where t = time, [3] and [4] can be seen:

And:

Therefore, the voltage at terminal e_1 can be seen in [6].

To evaluate the voltage at terminal e_2 in the model, it is necessary to convolve the signal at e_1 with the impulse response h(t) of the rc and C2 network shown in [7].

Where the exponential time constant can be seen in [8].

The convolution is given by [9].

This evaluates to [10].

Where:              

Allowing for the U2c charge injection and U1d input offset, shown in [12].

or equivalently:              

The model and this last equation above predict the circuit output at any time t = t1 immediately after the charge injection of U2c has occurred due to the enabling of the X0 switches.

Assessments

Let’s get some worst-case error parameter values for U1 and U2. The original DI proposed specific op amp TLV9164ii, but not a particular 74HC4053. Surprisingly, there are significant differences between parts from different 74HC4053 manufacturers. The MAX74HC4053Aiii looks like a reasonable choice. Let’s consider operation of both IC’s in the commercial temperature range of 0 to 70°C. Refer to Table 1 and Table 2.

Supply	Temperature range	Input current, typical	Input offset voltage	Input offset voltage drift	Open loop gain minimum
5-16 V	-40 to +125oC	± 10 pA	± 1.3 mV	± 0.25 µV/oC	104 dB

Table 1 The TLV9164 maximum parameter values.

Supply	Temperature range	Switch resistance	Switch resistance differences	Flatness, VCOM= ±3V, 0V	COM current	NO current	Charge injection	Switch t(on)	Switch t(off)
± 5 V	0 to 70 oC	125 Ω	12 Ω	15 Ω	± 2.5 nA	± 5 nA	± 10 pC	250 ns	200 ns
5 V	0 to 70 oC	280 Ω	–	–	± 5 nA	± 10 nA	± 10 pC	275 ns	175 ns
3 V	0 to 70 oC	700 Ω	–	–	± 5 nA	± 10 nA	± 10 pC	700 ns	400 ns

Table 2 MAX74HC4053 parameters, maximum values. Note performance degradations when powered by a single supply.

The output of U1c will not move in a positive direction if the sign of the parameter J in [5] is negative. Assuming ADCs whose most negative input value is ground, the circuit will fail to function properly. It’s unlikely that parameters Q1, Voffab, Voffc, and iLeak all take on their worst-case values in a particular circuit, but if they do, Vin will have to be more positive than 10pC/1nF + 2·1.2mV + 1.2mV + 2.5nA * 14300 = 14mV to avoid this “dead zone”. Of course, you’re free to use criterion other than the sum of the worst possibilities, but Caveat Designer!

Another consideration is the circuit settling time in successive PWM periods for the sampling voltage of C1, particularly in the transit between an ADC full-scale voltage to half of its LSB (this is the most extreme case which might not be a requirement for some applications). For a ±5-V powered MAX74HC4053A, two 125-ohm switches in series drive the 1-nF C1. With a 12-bit ADC, the required time is (2·125)·1e-9·ln(212+1) = 2.3 µs. Add the switch on-time of 250 ns, and the PWM should enable the X0 switches for tmin = three of its 1 µs cycles for accurate voltage sample acquisition. By comparison, 8-bit ADC’s can get by with 2 µs.

Calibration

The iLeak·R1 and the temperature-sensitive portions of U1’s input offset voltage errors are negligible in comparison with the ones caused by charge injection. However, as noted in the referencei and in typical curves provided in the switch datasheetiii, the magnitudes and signs of voltages will significantly affect the sizes of the charge injections Q1 (U2a) and Q2 (U2c) and also somewhat the ra, rb and rc resistances. For Q1, ra, and rb, the U1a and U1b input voltages are not determinable from A-to-D conversions. Increasing the values of capacitors C1 and C2 will reduce the Q/C charge injection-created error magnitudes but will also necessitate increases in PWM times. Avoiding such time increases by reducing the R1 value magnifies the errors due to mismatches of ra, rb and rc.

The resistances ra, rb and rc will vary with both temperature and voltage levels. Applying algebra to [13] shows surprisingly that if ra, rb and rc resistances are identical, there is zero error introduced regardless of their value! (This assumes that enough time has elapsed for the e-t/Tc term to be negligible. ) While not identical, the slightly less than 1% maximum mismatch error can be calibrated out, but only for a given set of switch voltages and temperature. The datasheet does not provide the information required to determine the errors that could occur when the voltages and temperature are other than those present during calibration.

With the circuit as it stands, I know of no way to eliminate temperature- and voltage-sensitive errors. But there are errors insensitive to these conditions that can be calibrated out. The following procedure assumes an ADC of negligible error (its resolution and accuracy require further investigation) and conversion factor CF counts/volt, one perhaps present on the assembly line of a product incorporating this design.

For any instance of this circuit to which specific and accurately known Vin and -Vin (See Figure 1) voltages are applied at a given temperature, [13] can be thought of as a function of time and Vin: VOUT(t, Vin). VOUT(t1, Vin), VOUT(t2, Vin), and VOUT(t3, Vin) can be captured such that t3/3 = t2/2 = t1 > tmin. A t1 value of 15 µs is suitable, and Vin = 20 ms avoids the dead zone. (The reason for such a small input voltage is given later.) A t3 of 45 µs applies a gain of less than 24 and keeps things under a 1.8 V full scale A-to-D level. It will be appreciated that et3/T = (et1/T)3 and et2/T = (et1/T)2 and that:

where each VOUT(t, Vin) is scaled by CF to a measurement made by the product line A-to-D. The difference terms cancel the constant terms in [13], and the ratio cancels the A·N term. Such cancellations are necessary if T is to be determined accurately. [14] is a quadratic equation, the desired of the two solutions of which is given by :

From this, the value of T can be obtained (note that T depends slightly on ra because of Req and so it also depends on voltage and temperature):

Further:

Allowing the solution:

N( ) is a function of Vin (see .param N) and is equal to SVin + U where S and U are unknown and again are slightly dependent on the usual. The process of equations [14] to [18] will need to be repeated with a value Vin2 different from Vin to arrive at an AN2 term. We could use different values of t, but we might as well keep the same ones. We can safely choose Vin2 = 25 mV (incurring a charge injection and switch resistances very close to that with Vin = 20 mV) and calculate:

From [13] it can be seen that:

so that:

Given an A-to-D conversion count and reversing [22], it can be seen that:

never forgetting that even this result is influenced by the usual.

Because of their negligible sensitivities to voltage and temperature, NPO/COG capacitors and 25 ppm or better metal film resistors are recommended. 1% or better parts are available at costs around .01 USD in quantity.

Conclusions

This innovative circuit has several features to recommend it. It offers differential to single ended conversion with very high CMRR and wide common mode operating range. It offers gains starting at 6 dB in increments of .6dB limited only by the combination of the sampled voltage and saturation at the positive supply rail. Op-amp gains are no greater than 6 dB, so there is no loss of bandwidth due to operation at high closed-loop gains. But this design has some disadvantages.

A detailed calibration scheme is needed which requires the availability on the production line of an ADC whose requirements for accuracy and resolution have not yet been determined. Even with calibration, various errors which cannot be rescued by calibration can impose an operational “dead zone” for circuit input voltages less than up to 14 mV. Errors due to switch charge injection and switch resistance vary with temperature and applied voltages and are difficult if not impossible to calibrate out. The MAX74HC4053A discussed here is a better ‘4053 than others, but another part may exist with less variations in resistance and charge injection.

I would suggest disconnecting the U2c X0 pin. This connection is of limited usefulness and does damage—it injects charge into U1c, affecting the signal fed through R1 to C1. (The effect on C2 during the “hold” mode can be neglected, being of very short duration due to the X1 rc “on” resistance in the C2 path.) If it is decided to retain this connection, please note that its effects have not been accounted for in the foregoing analysis.

Finally, I’d like to acknowledge the comments of eldercosta, a review and comments with some unique perspectives by David Lundquist, and especially the comments and contributions of Stephen Woodward, who designed the circuit discussed in this DI.

Christopher Paul has worked in various engineering positions in the communications industry for over 40 years.

References

ihttps://www.analog.com/media/en/training-seminars/tutorials/MT-088.pdf

iihttps://www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/tlv9164.pdf?ts=1733035616360&ref_url=https%253A%252F%252Fwww.ti.com%252Fproduct%252FTLV9164

iiihttps://www.analog.com/media/en/technical-documentation/data-sheets/MAX4051-MAX4053A.pdf

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The post Error assessment and mitigation of an innovative data acquisition front end appeared first on EDN.

India’s smart lighting industry is witnessing rapid growth, driven by innovation, sustainability, and advancements in technology. Leading companies are transforming traditional lighting systems into intelligent solutions that cater to modern lifestyles and smart homes. From globally renowned brands like Philips and Osram to trusted domestic players like Havells, Syska, and Bajaj Electricals, these companies are revolutionizing how lighting integrates with everyday life. With features such as energy efficiency, voice control, automation, and seamless connectivity to home automation platforms, the industry is setting benchmarks for convenience and customization. As the demand for smart living increases, these companies continue to push the boundaries of innovation, offering sustainable and user-centric lighting solutions across residential, commercial, and industrial sectors.

Philips India Limited
Philips India Limited, a global leader in lighting solutions, is renowned for its innovative smart lighting products that combine advanced technology with seamless functionality. The company offers an extensive range of smart bulbs, fixtures, and lighting systems designed to integrate effortlessly with popular home automation platforms like Alexa, Google Assistant, and Apple HomeKit. Known for enhancing convenience, energy efficiency, and customization, Philips continues to redefine modern lighting solutions for homes, offices, and public spaces.

Havells India Limited
Havells India Limited is a leading name in the electrical and consumer goods industry, renowned for its innovative and energy-efficient solutions. The company offers a wide range of smart lighting products, including LED bulbs, fixtures, and automation systems designed to elevate modern living. Known for its commitment to quality, sustainability, and cutting-edge technology, Havells seamlessly integrates advanced lighting solutions with user-friendly features, making it a trusted choice for homes, offices, and commercial spaces across India.

Syska LED Lights Pvt. Ltd.
Syska LED Lights Pvt. Ltd. is a prominent player in the smart lighting industry, known for its innovative and energy-efficient solutions. The company offers a diverse range of smart LED lighting products, including bulbs and fixtures, that are compatible with voice assistants like Alexa and Google Assistant. With features like customizable colors, brightness levels, and scheduling options, Syska’s smart lighting solutions are designed to enhance convenience and elevate modern lifestyles. The brand’s focus on sustainability and cutting-edge technology has made it a preferred choice for homes, offices, and commercial spaces across India.

Bajaj Electricals Ltd.
Bajaj Electricals Ltd., a trusted name with a rich legacy in the lighting industry, has successfully ventured into the smart lighting segment. The company offers a wide range of innovative products that blend traditional reliability with modern technology, including smart LED bulbs, fixtures, and automation systems. Known for its commitment to quality and energy efficiency, Bajaj’s smart lighting solutions are designed to provide convenience, customization, and sustainability, making them ideal for homes, offices, and commercial spaces across India.

Wipro Lighting
Wipro Lighting is a leading provider of innovative lighting solutions, offering a diverse range of smart lighting products tailored for residential and commercial spaces. The company focuses on delivering energy-efficient and sustainable solutions that combine advanced technology with superior design. Wipro’s smart lighting systems provide customizable options, including automation and voice-controlled features, ensuring convenience and enhanced user experiences. With a strong emphasis on sustainability and innovation, Wipro Lighting continues to set benchmarks in the lighting industry.

Osram India Private Limited
Osram India Private Limited, a subsidiary of the globally renowned lighting company Osram, is a leader in advanced smart lighting solutions. The company caters to a wide range of sectors, including automotive, residential, and commercial lighting, offering innovative and energy-efficient products. Osram’s smart lighting solutions are designed to integrate seamlessly with modern technologies, providing enhanced functionality and customization. With a strong focus on quality, innovation, and sustainability, Osram India continues to redefine lighting standards across industries.

Samsung India Electronics Private Ltd.
Samsung India Electronics Private Ltd. is a leading innovator in smart technology, offering a range of smart lighting solutions that seamlessly integrate with its extensive ecosystem of smart home devices. Designed to enhance connected living, Samsung’s smart lighting products provide advanced features like voice control, automation, and energy efficiency. With a focus on delivering convenience, customization, and cutting-edge technology, Samsung continues to redefine modern living experiences for homes and businesses alike.

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Arm has announced the availability of the first public specification drafted around its Chiplet System Architecture (CSA), a set of system partitioning and chiplet connectivity standards harnessed in a design ecosystem supported by over 60 companies. The companies that are part of the CSA initiative include ADTechnology, Alphawave Semi, AMI, Cadence, Jaguar Micro, Kalray, Rebellions, Siemens, and Synopsys.

CSA aims to offer industry-wide standards and frameworks by facilitating the reuse of specialized chiplets, and thus address the fragmentation caused by compatibility issues in chiplet design. It provides a shared understanding of defining and connecting chiplets while developing composable system-on-chips (SoCs).

A couple of recent announcements show how semiconductor firms are employing CSA to build chiplets as part of Arm Total Design, a platform for deploying chiplet-based compute subsystems. Arm Total Design facilitates custom silicon solutions powered by Arm Neoverse Compute Subsystems (CSS), which includes processor cores, IPs, software, and design tools.

Take the case of Alphawave Semi, which has combined its proprietary I/O dies with an Arm Neoverse CSS-powered chiplet. In this chiplet design, Alphawave Semi has employed AMBA CHI chip-to-chip (C2C) architecture specification to connect artificial intelligence (AI) accelerators.

Figure 1 The block diagram shows a chiplet’s major design building blocks. Source: Alphawave Semi

ADTechnology, another member of Arm’s CSA initiative, has utilized Neoverse CSS V3 technology to create a CPU chiplet for high-performance computing (HPC) and AI/ML training and inference applications. In this chiplet, ADTechnology has incorporated Rebellions’ REBEL AI accelerator; the chiplet design is implemented on Samsung Foundry’s 2-nm gate-all-around (GAA) process node, which has been standardized in the CSA ecosystem.

Figure 2 ADTechnology’s CPU chiplet is powered by Neoverse CSS V3 technology. Source: Arm

AMI, also a member of CSA initiative, is contributing its firmware expertise to accelerate the development of custom chiplet solutions. AMI, the first independent firmware vendor in the Arm Total Design ecosystem, offers modular framework for separating the compute and I/O subsystems. Its pre-configured and pre-tested production quality modules for the reusable chiplets streamline the time and resources required for this stage of development.

A multitude of industry-wide chiplet initiatives—spanning from Arm Total Design to Neoverse CSS to CSA—is a testament to how Arm sees the emergence of chiplets as a major opportunity. It also highlights how Arm sees its place as both chiplet solution provider and ecosystem builder.

The ecosystem-building part is especially crucial because RISC-V companies are also making inroads in the chiplets realm.

Related Content

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• Chiplets Get a Formal Standard with UCIe 1.0
• How the Worlds of Chiplets and Packaging Intertwine
• Imec’s Van den hove: Moving to Chiplets to Extend Moore’s Law

The post Arm’s Chiplet System Architecture eyes ecosystem sweet spot appeared first on EDN.

In booth 3553 at SPIE Photonics West 2025 in San Francisco, CA, USA (25–30 January), photonic simulation CAD software developer Photon Design Ltd of Oxford, UK is previewing results from its upcoming quantum dot module being added to its established laser simulator HAROLD. The expansion to HAROLD will allow simulation of gain and absorption spectra from epitaxy structures with multiple quantum dot layers using an eight-band k.p model and a full 3D stress-strain model. The module was developed and validated in collaboration with Cardiff University, which has expertise in compound semiconductor photonics...

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Nope, I'll leave it in place. Utterly equivalent to spaghetti code programmaning. submitted by /u/Training-Ideal-7222 [link] [comments]

The Indian skies are increasingly vulnerable to rogue drones, necessitating the development of robust countermeasures. A burgeoning ecosystem of Indian companies is rising to the challenge, developing innovative anti-drone technologies to safeguard critical infrastructure and national security. From AI-powered detection systems to electronic warfare solutions, these companies are at the forefront of ensuring airspace safety in a rapidly evolving threat landscape. Here are 10 of the top anti-drone companies in India:

1. Throttle Aerospace Systems is a leading innovator in anti-drone technology, recognized for its cutting-edge solutions that protect critical infrastructure and ensure safety in airspace. Among its most notable offerings is the “Defender” system, which leverages artificial intelligence and vision-based techniques to effectively detect, track, and neutralize unauthorized drones. By integrating advanced sensing, machine learning, and automated countermeasures, Throttle Aerospace Systems provides reliable and scalable solutions to mitigate the growing threat of drones in both military and civilian contexts. The company is at the forefront of shaping the future of drone defense, ensuring secure environments across various sectors.

2. Alpha Design Technologies is a leading innovator in the development of electronic warfare systems, with a strong focus on countering emerging threats like drones. Specializing in advanced anti-drone technologies, the company designs and manufactures cutting-edge solutions to detect, track, and neutralize unauthorized UAVs (unmanned aerial vehicles). Leveraging its deep expertise in electronic systems and defense technologies, Alpha Design Technologies provides critical capabilities to safeguard airspace and sensitive infrastructure from drone-based threats. Through its commitment to research, development, and deployment of state-of-the-art electronic warfare solutions, the company plays a pivotal role in enhancing national security and defense operations.

3. Adani Defence & Aerospace is a key player in India’s defense and aerospace sector, renowned for its commitment to advancing cutting-edge technologies to support national security. With a growing focus on developing anti-drone solutions, the company is working to address the increasing challenges posed by unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in military and civilian spaces. Adani Defence & Aerospace leverages its deep expertise in defense systems, electronics, and aerospace technologies to design innovative counter-drone solutions that ensure the safety of critical infrastructure and airspace. Through continuous research and development, the company is reinforcing its position as a leader in defense innovation, contributing to India’s defense modernization efforts.

4. IdeaForge, a prominent name in the drone industry, is renowned for its cutting-edge unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) that cater to diverse sectors such as defense, agriculture, and infrastructure. While primarily known for its drone innovations, the company is also expanding its capabilities to address the growing concerns surrounding drone-related threats. By developing anti-drone technologies, IdeaForge aims to protect its own UAVs from malicious interference and enhance the safety and security of airspace. Through the integration of advanced countermeasures and smart defense systems, IdeaForge is positioning itself at the forefront of both drone and anti-drone technology, ensuring a balanced approach to UAV safety and security.

5. Paras Aerospace is a leading innovator specializing in the development of counter-Unmanned Aerial Systems (C-UAS) technologies, aimed at addressing the growing threat of unauthorized drones. The company focuses on creating advanced solutions for drone detection, tracking, and neutralization, including cutting-edge jamming technologies to disrupt and disable rogue UAVs. With a strong commitment to enhancing airspace security, Paras Aerospace’s counter-UAS systems are designed to safeguard critical infrastructure, military assets, and public spaces from potential drone-based risks.

6. Kadet Defence Systems is a dynamic player in the field of counter-drone technology, offering a comprehensive range of anti-drone solutions designed to safeguard critical infrastructure and airspace. The company specializes in advanced systems for drone detection, tracking, and jamming, enabling effective countermeasures against unauthorized UAVs. With a focus on precision and reliability, Kadet Defence Systems provides cutting-edge technologies that help mitigate the risks posed by drones in both civilian and defense contexts. Their solutions are pivotal in enhancing security protocols, ensuring the protection of sensitive areas from potential drone-related threats.

7. Sagar Defence is a leading provider of advanced anti-drone solutions, offering a comprehensive suite of technologies designed to detect, track, and neutralize unauthorized drones. Specializing in cutting-edge drone detection and jamming systems, the company plays a crucial role in enhancing airspace security for both military and civilian applications. Sagar Defence’s solutions are built to protect critical infrastructure, military assets, and public safety from the growing threat of drone-based intrusions.

8. Veda Defence Systems is a specialized technology company focused on developing advanced electronic warfare systems, with a strong emphasis on countering drone-based threats. The company’s expertise lies in creating cutting-edge anti-drone technologies that incorporate electronic jamming, detection, and neutralization capabilities to safeguard critical infrastructure and airspace. With a deep commitment to defense innovation, Veda Defence Systems designs highly reliable solutions to counter the growing risks posed by unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in both military and civilian environments.

9. Raphe mPhibr is a leading provider of advanced anti-drone solutions, offering a range of cutting-edge technologies designed to detect, track, and neutralize unauthorized drones. Specializing in drone detection, tracking, and jamming systems, the company delivers reliable and effective countermeasures to protect critical infrastructure and airspace. With a focus on precision and real-time response, Raphe mPhibr’s solutions are tailored to address the evolving threats posed by unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in both civilian and military sectors.

10. NewSpace Research and Technologies is a cutting-edge company specializing in the development of advanced technologies aimed at enhancing defense and security. With a particular focus on anti-drone solutions, the company is at the forefront of creating innovative systems designed to detect, track, and neutralize unauthorized drones. Leveraging state-of-the-art technologies, NewSpace Research and Technologies provides critical solutions to protect airspace, military installations, and critical infrastructure from the growing threat posed by unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs).

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India is blazing a trail in renewable energy, and its solar power plants are at the forefront of this transformation. From the sun-drenched deserts of Rajasthan to the sunny plains of Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh, the country is home to some of the largest and most innovative solar parks in the world. These mega installations are not only harnessing solar power but also driving sustainable development and contributing to India’s ambitious renewable energy goals. This article highlights the top solar power plants in India, showcasing their scale, innovation, and impact on the nation’s journey toward a greener and more energy-secure future.

1. Bhadla Solar Park, Rajasthan

Nestled in the sun-drenched deserts of Jodhpur, Rajasthan, Bhadla Solar Park stands tall as a beacon of India’s renewable energy revolution. Spanning an impressive 14,000 acres, it is not only the largest solar park in India but also one of the largest in the world. With a massive installed capacity of 2,245 MW, this engineering marvel has transformed the barren, arid land of Bhadla into a thriving hub of clean energy production. Known for its high solar radiation and minimal rainfall, the region provides ideal conditions for harnessing solar power, making Bhadla Solar Park a critical contributor to India’s ambitious goal of achieving 500 GW of renewable energy capacity by 2030.

2. Pavagada Solar Park, Karnataka

Spread across a sprawling 13,000 acres in the sunny plains of Tumkur district, Karnataka, the Pavagada Solar Park is a shining example of India’s commitment to clean energy. With an impressive installed capacity of 2,050 MW, it ranks among the largest solar parks in the world. What makes this project unique is its inclusive approach—land for the park was leased from local farmers, providing them a steady source of income while transforming the region into a hub for renewable energy.  As part of India’s renewable energy mission, this mega solar park lights up countless homes while contributing significantly to reducing the nation’s carbon footprint.

3. Kurnool Ultra Mega Solar Park, Andhra Pradesh

Nestled in the Kurnool district of Andhra Pradesh, the Kurnool Ultra Mega Solar Park is a monumental step in India’s green energy journey. With an installed capacity of 1,000 MW, this solar park spans over 5,932 acres, transforming the arid terrain into a powerhouse of renewable energy. Commissioned in 2017, it was one of the first solar parks in India to achieve the milestone of a gigawatt-scale capacity. The park plays a pivotal role in supplying clean electricity to the grid, catering to the energy needs of thousands of households. With its strategic location and efficient design, Kurnool Ultra Mega Solar Park not only reinforces Andhra Pradesh’s leadership in renewable energy but also serves as a blueprint for sustainable development in the region.

4. Rewa Ultra Mega Solar Park, Madhya Pradesh

Located in the Rewa district of Madhya Pradesh, the Rewa Ultra Mega Solar Park stands as a testament to India’s renewable energy ambitions. With a total installed capacity of 750 MW, this sprawling solar park, spread across 1,590 hectares, has set benchmarks in sustainability and innovation. Commissioned in 2018, it became the first project in India to supply solar power to an inter-state open access customer, powering the Delhi Metro with clean energy. Rewa’s success lies in its groundbreaking tariff structure, which made solar energy more affordable and accessible. Recognized globally as a model project, the park showcases how clean energy can drive economic growth while contributing to India’s climate goals.

5. Charanka Solar Park, Gujarat

Situated in the arid Patan district of Gujarat, Charanka Solar Park is a pioneer in India’s solar energy revolution. Spanning over 2,000 hectares, this solar park boasts an impressive installed capacity of 600 MW, with plans for future expansion. Established in 2012 as part of the Gujarat Solar Park initiative, Charanka was one of Asia’s first and largest solar parks, setting the stage for large-scale renewable energy projects in India. Its unique model integrates solar power generation with water conservation and employment opportunities for local communities, making it a shining example of sustainable development. With its advanced infrastructure and scalability, Charanka continues to illuminate Gujarat’s path toward a greener future.

6. Ananthapuramu-II Solar Park, Andhra Pradesh

Nestled in the sun-soaked district of Anantapur, Ananthapuramu-II Solar Park exemplifies Andhra Pradesh’s commitment to renewable energy leadership. With an installed capacity of 1,500 MW, this solar park is among the largest in India, leveraging the region’s high solar insolation to produce clean and reliable energy. It is a part of the state’s ambitious efforts to harness renewable resources while reducing dependency on conventional power sources. The park not only contributes significantly to the national grid but also supports sustainable development by creating local employment opportunities and promoting eco-friendly practices in the region.

7. Mandsaur Solar Farm, Madhya Pradesh

Situated in the vibrant heartland of Madhya Pradesh, Mandsaur Solar Farm is a shining example of India’s renewable energy revolution. With an installed capacity of 250 MW, this solar farm is instrumental in powering thousands of homes while significantly reducing carbon emissions. Built on barren and unused land, Mandsaur Solar Farm exemplifies sustainable innovation by transforming wastelands into a source of green energy. Its efficient solar infrastructure contributes to the state’s energy security, aligning with India’s vision of a cleaner, greener future.

8. NP Kunta (Ananthapuram Ultra Mega Solar Park), Andhra Pradesh

Nestled in the sunlit terrains of Andhra Pradesh, the NP Kunta (Ananthapuram Ultra Mega Solar Park) stands as a symbol of India’s commitment to sustainable energy. With a robust installed capacity of 978 MW, this solar park leverages the region’s abundant sunlight to generate clean and renewable energy on a massive scale. Designed with advanced technology and efficient resource management, NP Kunta not only contributes significantly to the state’s power grid but also paves the way for a greener and more energy-independent India.

9. Kamuthi Solar Power Project, Tamil Nadu

The Kamuthi Solar Power Project, located in the Tamil Nadu state of India, is one of the largest solar power plants in the world. Spanning over 2,500 acres in the Ramanathapuram district, the project boasts an installed capacity of 648 MW, making it a key player in India’s push toward renewable energy. Developed by Adani Green Energy, it features over 2.5 million solar panels, generating enough electricity to power around 150,000 homes. The Kamuthi Solar Power Project is a testament to India’s commitment to reducing its carbon footprint and boosting clean energy generation, contributing significantly to the country’s renewable energy goals.

10. Rajasthan Solar Park, Rajasthan

The Rajasthan Solar Park, located in the Jaisalmer district of Rajasthan, India, is one of the largest solar power installations in the world. Covering an area of approximately 5,000 acres, the park has an impressive capacity of over 2,245 MW, making it a key asset in India’s renewable energy strategy. The project, which includes multiple solar developers, aims to harness the abundant sunlight in the Thar Desert to generate clean, sustainable power. As a significant contributor to India’s goal of achieving 500 GW of non-fossil fuel-based energy capacity by 2030, the Rajasthan Solar Park plays a crucial role in the country’s transition to green energy.

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The global transition to renewable energy is no longer just an aspiration—it has become a necessity. As nations strive to mitigate the effects of climate change and reduce their carbon footprints, renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, and hydropower have emerged as viable alternatives to fossil fuels. However, the intermittent nature of these sources poses significant challenges to reliability and grid stability. This is where energy storage systems (ESS) come into play, offering solutions that enhance the efficiency, flexibility, and resilience of renewable energy systems.

This article explores the latest advancements in renewable energy and energy storage systems, their integration, and transformative impact on global energy landscapes.

The Growth of Renewable Energy

1. Solar Power

Solar energy has become among the fastest-growing renewable energy sources. With the declining cost of photovoltaic (PV) cells and improvements in efficiency, solar power is now accessible for residential, commercial, and utility-scale applications. Innovations such as bifacial solar panels, tandem solar cells, and perovskite materials are pushing the efficiency boundaries beyond 30%, making solar energy even more competitive.

2. Wind Energy

Onshore and offshore wind farms are driving large-scale renewable energy generation. Offshore wind turbines, in particular, are scaling new heights with advancements in turbine size and capacity. Next-generation turbines, such as the GE Haliade-X and Siemens Gamesa’s SG 14-222 DD, can generate over 14 MW of power, significantly boosting energy output while reducing costs.

3. Hydropower and Marine Energy

Hydropower remains a cornerstone of renewable energy, but innovations like small modular hydropower systems and pumped-storage hydropower are making it more adaptable. Marine energy technologies, including tidal and wave energy converters, are also gaining traction, unlocking the vast potential of oceans as a renewable resource.

The Role of Energy Storage Systems

The integration of energy storage systems is pivotal to overcoming the challenges of renewable energy’s intermittency. ESS provides solutions for storing excess energy generated during peak production periods and releasing it when demand is high or supply is low. Below are the key advancements and types of energy storage systems.

1. Lithium-Ion Batteries

Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries dominate the energy storage landscape due to their high energy density, long cycle life, and declining costs. Recent innovations include:

• Solid-State Batteries: These next-generation batteries replace liquid electrolytes with solid materials, enhancing safety, energy density, and longevity.
• Second-Life Applications: Used EV batteries are being repurposed for stationary storage applications, extending their utility and reducing waste.

2. Flow Batteries

Flow batteries, such as vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFB), offer long-duration energy storage with the ability to scale independently in terms of power and capacity. They are ideal for grid-scale applications, supporting renewable energy integration by providing hours of backup power.

3. Thermal Energy Storage (TES)

TES systems store energy in heat or cold form for later use. Innovations include:

• Molten Salt Systems: Widely used in concentrated solar power (CSP) plants to store thermal energy for power generation during non-sunny periods.
• Phase-Change Materials (PCMs): These materials store and release energy during phase transitions, offering efficient thermal storage solutions for buildings and industrial processes.

4. Hydrogen Energy Storage

Green hydrogen, produced through electrolysis using renewable energy, serves as a versatile storage medium. Hydrogen can be stored in tanks or underground caverns and later used for electricity generation, industrial processes, or as a fuel for vehicles.

5. Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES)

CAES systems store energy by compressing air into underground reservoirs and releasing it to drive turbines during periods of high demand. Advanced adiabatic CAES systems improve efficiency by capturing and reusing heat generated during compression.

Integration of Renewable Energy and ESS

The integration of renewable energy and ESS is driving a transformation in energy systems, enabling decarbonization, decentralization, and digitalization:

1. Microgrids

Microgrids, powered by renewable energy and ESS, are enabling localized energy generation and consumption. They enhance energy resilience, particularly in remote or disaster-prone areas, by reducing reliance on centralized grids.

2. Virtual Power Plants (VPPs)

VPPs aggregate distributed energy resources (DERs), such as solar panels, wind turbines, and ESS, to act as a single power plant. Advanced software platforms optimize energy dispatch, balancing supply and demand in real time.

3. Smart Grids

Smart grids integrate renewable energy and ESS with advanced communication and control technologies. Features include demand-response systems, predictive maintenance, and real-time grid monitoring, improving efficiency and reliability.

Applications and Benefits

1. Residential and Commercial Use

Homeowners and businesses are adopting renewable energy systems with ESS to lower electricity bills and increase energy independence. Residential batteries like Tesla Powerwall and LG Chem’s RESU provide backup power during outages and store excess solar energy for nighttime use.

2. Utility-Scale Projects

Large-scale ESS installations, such as Tesla’s Hornsdale Power Reserve in Australia and Fluence’s energy storage projects, are stabilizing grids and supporting renewable energy penetration.

3. Transportation

Renewable energy and ESS are powering the transition to electric mobility. EVs, combined with vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technologies, can serve as mobile energy storage units, enhancing grid flexibility.

4. Industrial Applications

Industries are adopting ESS to manage peak loads, reduce energy costs, and ensure uninterrupted operations. Renewable-powered industrial microgrids are also helping companies achieve sustainability goals.

Challenges and Future Directions

1. Cost and Scalability

While the cost of renewable energy and ESS is declining, initial capital investments remain high. Continued innovation and economies of scale are essential to make these technologies more accessible.

2. Material Availability

The growing demand for materials like lithium, cobalt, and rare earth elements raises concerns about resource availability and environmental impact. Research into alternative materials and recycling technologies is crucial.

3. Policy and Regulation

Supportive policies and regulatory frameworks are needed to encourage the adoption of renewable energy and ESS. Incentives, subsidies, and streamlined permitting processes can accelerate deployment.

4. Technological Integration

Seamlessly integrating renewable energy and ESS with existing grids requires advanced forecasting, control algorithms, and interoperability standards.

Conclusion

Renewable energy and energy storage systems are redefining the global energy landscape, offering solutions to some of the most pressing challenges of our time. As technology advances and adoption scales, these systems will play a pivotal role in achieving a sustainable, low-carbon future. By addressing challenges and fostering innovation, we can unlock the full potential of renewable energy and ESS, paving the way for a cleaner, greener, and more resilient world.

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Rohde & Schwarz launches its novel wideband modulated load pull solution. Based on the R&S RTP oscilloscope, this solution offers an extension to traditional vector network analyzer (VNA)-based solutions for non-linear device characterization. By enabling load pull with wideband modulated signals, it allows precise validation of key performance indicators across varying impedances, such as error vector magnitude (EVM) and adjacent channel leakage ratio (ACLR), to support the development of RF components for next-generation wireless technologies.

The new wideband modulated load pull solution from Rohde & Schwarz takes a novel approach to RF frontend testing. By using the R&S RTP oscilloscope instead of a traditional vector network analyzer (VNA), this solution enables wideband modulation characterization of RF frontends across varying impedances.

A traditional modulated load pull solution validates modulation characteristics under different impedances with a test setup consisting of a vector signal generator and vector signal analyzer. A passive tuner is used to simulate different load conditions. This method, although widely used, has several key limitations: there is a significant frequency response and group delay of the tuner in amplitude and phase leading to measurement uncertainties. While these may be ignored for narrowband applications, they become significant for higher signal bandwidths, typically around 100 MHz and above.

Innovative oscilloscope-based approach

The Rohde & Schwarz wideband modulated load pull solution addresses these limitations with a new test setup that is ideal for verifying power amplifier performance when connected to an antenna, which typically shows a dispersive impedance. This solution is based on the R&S RTP084 oscilloscope, equipped with the wideband modulated load-pull option R&S RTP-K98, and paired with the R&S SMW200A vector signal generator. The oscilloscope’s internal architecture guarantees absolute phase and time synchronization for forward and reverse wave measurements. The dual path vector signal generator R&S SMW200A offers accurate timing and phase stability between the input and tuning signal for load pull operation. The R&S RTP-K98 software processes the oscilloscope’s measured data, performs the necessary calculations to achieve the target impedance value and controls the signal generator. Hence, it is well-suited to verify the performance of RF frontends, which are typically used over wider frequency ranges and multiple transmission bands, such as 5G or Wi-Fi.

The R&S RTP oscilloscope combines high-class signal integrity with fast acquisition and analysis. Dedicated acquisition and processing ASICs enable high acquisition and processing rate for 750,000 waveforms/s. The unique 3 Gpoints per channel allow for long acquisition periods, and the high-precision digital trigger operates with a hardware-based clock data recovery (CDR) on embedded clock signals at an industry-leading rate of 16 Gbps.

Markus Lörner, Market Segment Manager RF & Microwave Components at Rohde & Schwarz, says: “Our innovative approach for wideband modulated load pull utilizes standard test instruments readily available in many labs, directly addressing the growing need for verifying wideband RF frontends across varying impedances, as experienced in wideband antenna usage. The incorporation of the oscilloscope as the key instrument is a game-changer, offering rapid wideband signal capture, which is absolutely vital in this application.”

The new wideband modulated load pull solution is available now from Rohde & Schwarz. More information on load pull testing from Rohde & Schwarz.

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Exaktera group firm ProPhotonix Ltd of Salem, NH, USA, a designer and manufacturer of LED lights and laser diode modules for OEMs and medical equipment companies (as well as a distributor of laser diodes for Ushio, Osram, QSI, Panasonic and Sony), has released its new UVC-Pro Area Light, which is on display in booth 4040 at Photonics West 2025 in San Francisco, CA, USA (25–30 January). Offering up to 35mW/cm2 of uniform light at 265nm, the solution is suitable for machine vision, fluorescence detection, and disinfection...